Impulsive forces during walking and their clinical implications

Collins, James J.; Whittle, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/0268-0033(89)90023-5

Cited by 113 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The mechanism that the body probably uses to lower the loading rate and reduce the energy of the ensuing shock wave is through appropriate muscular adaptations and subsequent limb actions. Proper positioning of the knee prior to initial contact with the ground and eccentric contraction of the thigh muscles during that moment can help disperse the load and decrease stress on the joint [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loading rate patterns in scoliotic children during gait: the impact of the schoolbag carriage and the importance of its position

et al. 2012

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Purpose Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of schoolbag carriage on adolescent schoolchildren and particularly those with a pre-existing spinal deformity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of school backpack loads in scoliotic and healthy school-age children during walking, in terms of peak vertical ground reaction forces and loading rates. We hypothesized that walking with a loaded backpack would have a greater effect on gait kinetics of scoliotic compared to healthy. Methods Eight children with idiopathic scoliosis and eight healthy children were assessed. Kinetic data were collected using two AMTI OR6-7 force-plates, while the subjects walked freely along a 6-m walkway under three walking conditions: (1) without a schoolbag, (2) carrying a schoolbag bilaterally (over both shoulders-symmetrical load) and (3) carrying a schoolbag unilaterally (over each shoulder-asymmetrical load). Kinetic data were collected and four parameters were calculated; peak ground reaction force at the first maximum force peak (F1), time needed to reach F1 (T1), loading rate of F1 (LRF1) and total contact time (T2). ResultsWe found no significant differences between the scoliotic and healthy children for any of the kinetic variables examined. In addition, the position of the bag did not seem to have any effect on loading rate. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that in terms of kinetic parameters during normal gait, the schoolbag load (symmetrical or asymmetrical) does not have a different effect on children with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared to normal controls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loading rate patterns in scoliotic children during gait: the impact of the schoolbag carriage and the importance of its position

et al. 2012

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“…A large swath of sports injury research over the last several decades has focused on ground reaction forces (GRFs), how these forces are transmitted (or attenuated) along a person's musculoskeletal system, and the types of overuse injuries that could potentially result from elevated GRF peaks or loading rates (e.g., at foot impact). The tacit logic is that increased GRF causes increased net joint force, and increased net joint force increases microdamage or injury risk to bones, joints, or other internal structures [31]. Unfortunately, this conflates net joint force with joint contact force, and neglects muscle forces (the primary source of joint loading).…”

Section: Net Joint Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Misconceptions: Have we lost the "mechanics" in "sports biomechanics"?

Vigotsky¹,

Zelik²,

Lake³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Biomechanics principally stems from two disciplines, mechanics and biology. However, both the application and language of the mechanical constructs are not always adhered to in sports biomechanics, which can lead to errors and misunderstandings within the scientific literature and when biomechanics is translated to other domains. Here we address three topics that seem to be common points of confusion and misconception in the literature: 1) joint reaction forces as they pertain to loads actually experienced by biological joints; 2) the partitioning of scalar quantities into directional components; and 3) weightlessness, microgravity, hypergravity, and weight alteration. For each topic, we discuss how mechanical concepts have been commonly misapplied, the consequences of those misapplications, and how the sports biomechanics community can collectively enhance the quality and rigor of our science by more carefully adhering to and leveraging concepts of classical mechanics.

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“…Email: JKSinclair@uclan.ac.uk Ó 2014 Taylor & Francis loading rate of the GRF (Warburton 2001, Lieberman et al 2010. Higher levels of impact loading have been shown by previous analyses to correlate significantly with the aetiology of chronic injuries such as stress fractures (Folman et al 1986, Milner et al 2006, osteoarthritis (Collins and Whittle 1989) plantar fasciitis (Hamill et al 2008), medial tibial stress syndrome, and patellofemoral pain syndrome (Pohl et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the kinetics and kinematics during running in the heelless shoe

et al. 2014

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Background: Recent evidence suggests that runners who habitually rearfoot strike suffer higher rates of chronic injuries compared to those who adopt a mid/forefoot strike pattern. Based on this information new experimental heelless footwear was developed with the aim of mediating a mid/forefoot strike pattern. Objectives: T he aim of the current investigation was to examine the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRFs) of running in conventional footwear in comparison to the heelless sho es. Methods: T welve male participants ran at 4.0 m.s À 1AE 5% in each footwear condition. Angular joint kinematics from the hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were measured using an eight -camera optoelectric motion capture system. Synchronous ground reaction forces were also obtained allowing impact load parameters and estimates of Achilles tendon force to be quantified. Differences in GRFs and 3D kinematics between footwear were assessed using paired t-tests. Results: T he kinematic analysis indicated that, in comparison to the conventional running footwear, the heelless shoes were associated with significantly greater plantarflexion at foot strike and peak ankle eversion angle. Furthermore, the GRF analysis revealed that, compared to the conventional footwear, impact parameters were significantly lower in the heelless footwear. Conclusions: Given the reduction in impact loading rates and increases in ankle eversion that were observed in heelless footwear, running in this type of footwear may reduce the incidence of chronic injuries linked to excessive impact forces. However, it may increase the injury potential that is associated with excessive ankle eversion.

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Impulsive forces during walking and their clinical implications

Cited by 113 publications

References 54 publications

Loading rate patterns in scoliotic children during gait: the impact of the schoolbag carriage and the importance of its position

Loading rate patterns in scoliotic children during gait: the impact of the schoolbag carriage and the importance of its position

Mechanical Misconceptions: Have we lost the "mechanics" in "sports biomechanics"?

Investigation into the kinetics and kinematics during running in the heelless shoe

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