Impulse control disorders

Linnoila, Markku; Virkkunen, Matti; George, Ted; Higley, D.

doi:10.1097/00004850-199309001-00008

Cited by 71 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Studies on serotonergic function in recreational MDMA users have repeatedly shown low levels of 5HIAA in CSF (Bolla et al, 1998;McCann et al, 1994;Peroutka et al, 1987;Ricaurte et al, 1990), reduced density of 5-HT transporters (Reneman et al, 2002) and blunted neuro-endocrine responses in serotonergic challenge tests (Gerra et al, 1998;McCann et al, 1999;Verkes et al, 2001) when compared to nondrug using controls. In addition, serotonergic depletion has been linked to behaviors characterized by impaired impulse control (Linnoila et al, 1983(Linnoila et al, , 1993. Thus, acute improvement of inhibitory control in the stop-signal task following MDMA administration can be interpreted as supportive evidence for current notions on the link between serotonin and impulsivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…McCann et al (1994) reported a decrement in impulsivity ratings of MDMA users as measured by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, whereas others reported elevated scores of impulsivity in heavy MDMA users, using different subjective measures of impulsivity (Butler and Montgomery, 2004;Morgan, 1998Morgan, , 2000Parrott, 2000). Elevated levels of impulsiveness have been associated with lower levels of 5HT and CSF-5HIA (Linnoila et al, 1983(Linnoila et al, , 1993 and with dopaminergic activation in the prefrontal cortex leading to a reduction in 'inhibitory control' over behavioral functions (Jentsch and Taylor, 1999). MDMA-induced impulsivity could be accounted for by both mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Behavioral Measures of Impulsivity: Alone and in Combination with Alcohol

Ramaekers

Kuypers

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has frequently been associated with increased levels of impulsivity during abstinence. The effects of MDMA on measures of impulsivity, however, have not yet been studied during intoxication. The present study was designed to assess the acute effects of MDMA and alcohol, alone and in combination, on behavioral measures of impulsivity and risktaking behavior. A total of 18 recreational users of MDMA entered a double-blind placebo-controlled six-way crossover study. The treatments consisted of MDMA 0, 75, and 100 mg with and without alcohol. Alcohol dosing was designed to achieve a peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of about 0.06 g/dl during laboratory testing. Laboratory tests of impulsivity were conducted between 1.5 and 2 h post-MDMA and included a stop-signal task, a go/no-go task, and the Iowa gambling task. MDMA decreased stop reaction time in the stop-signal task indicating increased impulse control. Alcohol increased the proportion of commission errors in the stop-signal task and the go/no-go task. Signal detection analyses of alcohol-induced commission errors indicated that this effect may reflect impairment of perceptual or attentive processing rather than an increase of motor impulsivity per se. Performance in the Iowa gambling task was not affected by MDMA and alcohol, but there was a nonsignificant tendency towards improvement following alcohol intake. None of the behavioral measures of impulsivity showed a MDMA Â alcohol interaction effect. The lack of interaction indicated that the CNS stimulant effects of MDMA were never sufficient to overcome alcohol-induced impairment of impulse control or risk-taking behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Behavioral Measures of Impulsivity: Alone and in Combination with Alcohol

Ramaekers

Kuypers

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…First, it should be noted that the reduction in impulsivity and indirect hostility in recreational ecstasy users reported by Ricaurte et al was an unexpected finding. Reduced levels of serotonergic function, as indicated by low levels of 5-HIAA, have previously been found to be consistently associated with elevated levels of hostility and impulsivity (e.g., Linnoila et al 1993); whereas, Ricaurte et al reported the opposite. Second, we have used a design that allowed ecstasy users to be compared to a polydrug control group who had used similar quantities of other drugs and a conventional control group that had not used illicit drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Transient reductions in 5-HT activity, induced by tryptophan depletion, have been reported to produce a rapid lowering of mood in normal males (Young et al 1985;Smith et al 1987) and relapse in recently remitted depressed patients (Delgado et al 1990). Furthermore, there is evidence that disorders of central serotonergic neurotransmission, as reflected by low levels of 5-HIAA, are associated with anxiety (e.g., Garvey et al 1995), impulsive and aggressive personality traits (e.g., Linnoila et al 1993), and suicidal behavior (Traskman-Bendz et al 1986). It has also been proposed that 5-HT may play an orchestrating role in cognition, and that extreme deviations of 5-HT activity can result in biases in cognitive processing (Spoont 1992) and impairments in learning and memory (e.g., Hunter 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

Recreational Use of “Ecstasy” (MDMA) Is Associated with Elevated Impulsivity

Morgan

1998

Neuropsychopharmacology

260

242

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“…Animal studies show the importance of normal CNS serotonin functioning for delaying gratification and exhibiting normative impulse control (e.g., see Soubrié 1986 for a review). Clinical studies have also suggested that serotonin-mediated impulse control deficits might underlie alcohol abuse and associated behavioral problems (Linnoila et al 1993;Stein et al 1993). Studies of rhesus macaques with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations show that when they are compared with control subjects, subjects with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations exhibit impaired impulse control, entering traps more often, engaging more often in physically dangerous behaviors (Mehlman et al 1994;Higley et al 1996c), and consuming more alcohol when provided free access (Higley et al 1996e).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline Reduces Excessive Alcohol Consumption in Nonhuman Primates: Effect of Stress

Higley

Hasert²,

Suomi³

et al. 1998

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Many monkeys that are reared without adult influence, with only peers, voluntarily consume alcohol in amounts producing intoxication on a relatively regular basis. Using a cross-over design, eight adolescent, peer-reared rhesus monkeys were allowed unfettered access to an 8.4% ethanol solution and treated with 20 mg/kgA large number of preclinical studies have reported high rates of alcohol consumption among animals with reduced central nervous system (CNS) serotonin functioning (for reviews, see Sellers et al. 1992;LeMarquand et al. 1994b). Among humans, clinical studies show evidence of reduced CNS serotonin functioning in subjects at risk for or who exhibit early onset alcohol abuse and alcoholism (for recent reviews see LeMarquand et al. 1994a;Litten et al. 1996;Pettinati 1996). Some recent studies show that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are promising as adjunctive pharmacological treatment for maintenance of abstinence (see LeMarquand et al. 1994b). Preclinical studies with rodents show that the SSRIs reduce alcohol consumption (LeMarquand et al. 1994b). Similarly, in a number of small scale studies, SSRIs have shown promise as an adjunct treatment for alcohol abuse and alcoholism (LeMarquand et al. 1994a;Pettinati 1996). The controlled studies conducted by Gorelick (1989) and Kranzler et al. (1995) showed, however, that fluoxetine was ineffective in promoting maintenance of abstinence among treatment-seeking alcoholics. More recently, researchers used a controlled study to demonstrate that citalopram was efficacious in promoting maintenance 18 , NO . 6 of abstinence among early-onset, violent male alcoholics thought to have reduced central serotonin functioning (Tiihonen et al. 1996). Because of the conflicting reports on the efficacy of the SSRIs in the maintenance of abstinence, we decided to investigate sertraline as a potential treatment for excessive alcohol intake, using a nonhuman primate model with monkeys known to have reduced central serotonin functioning (Higley et al. 1996d,e). Furthermore, we designed the study specifically to examine the role that stress plays in excessive alcohol consumption among nonhuman primates and to test the efficacy of sertraline in mitigating the effects of stress on alcohol consumption.Until recently, it was widely believed that nonhuman primates would not voluntarily consume alcohol in appreciable quantities (e.g., Mello and Mendelson 1971;Meisch et al. 1975;Crowley et al. 1983); consequently, they were not typically used in research on alcohol abuse. More recent studies have shown, however, that for many species of primates, many (but not all) subjects will freely consume alcohol in quantities that produce pharmacological effects when an alcohol solution is palatable (Higley et al. 1991;Higley 1996;Higley and Linnoila 1997). Within some species, such as rhesus macaques and other Old World primate species, some individual subjects will routinely consume sufficient quantities of alcohol to produce blood levels exceeding the limits of legal in...

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Impulse control disorders

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Behavioral Measures of Impulsivity: Alone and in Combination with Alcohol

Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Behavioral Measures of Impulsivity: Alone and in Combination with Alcohol

Recreational Use of “Ecstasy” (MDMA) Is Associated with Elevated Impulsivity

The Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline Reduces Excessive Alcohol Consumption in Nonhuman Primates: Effect of Stress

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