Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices, and Housing Quality to Prevent Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Nigeria

Yaya, Sanni; Hudani, Alzahra; Udenigwe, Ogochukwu; Shah, Vaibhav; Ekholuenetale, Michael; Bishwajit, Ghose

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3020041

Cited by 70 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Moreover, using water collected from unprotected (unimproved) sources for cooking/washing or for other domestic purposes was also a risk factor for childhood diarrhea in this study. This study finding is similar to studies done in northwest Ethiopia, Tamale Metropolitan Area of Ghana, South African Villages and Nigeria [32,[38][39][40].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Introduction Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of child morbidity and mortality in low-and middleincome countries like Ethiopia. The use of safe drinking water and improved sanitation are important practices to prevent diarrhea. However, limited research has been done to link water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the association between microbial quality of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea. Methods Community-based matched case-control study design was applied on 198 paired children from June to July 2019 in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Cases are children < 5 years of age with diarrhea during the two weeks before the survey. The controls are children without diarrhea during the two weeks before the survey. Twenty-five percent matched pair samples of water were taken from households of cases and controls. Data were collected using structured questionnaire by interviewing mothers/caregivers. A sample of water was collected in nonreactive borosilicate glass bottles and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to count fecal indicator bacteria. A conditional logistic regression model was used; variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with childhood diarrhea. Results A total of 396 (each case matched with control) under-five children with their mothers/caregivers were included in this study. In the analysis, variables like presence of under-five child in their home (

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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“…However, other study presented that children of household with concrete roofing and walls are exposed to lower risk of diarrhea. 32 We showed no evidence between improved source of drinking water and diarrhea, consistent with the result of study conducted by Sinmegn Mihrete et al 28 However, time taken longer than 30 minutes to fetch water contributed to higher risk of diarrhea. The children who had access to fetch water within 30 minutes had no significant association with the risk of diarrhea, compared with those who can get water on premises.…”

Section: Factors Of Diarrhea Of Malawian Children Under Fivesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The preceding study in Nigeria also indicated that unimproved toilet facility increased the odds of suffering from diarrhea. 32 With regard to the location of sanitation facility, JMP suggests that having a toilet facility on premises (within the dwelling, plot or yard) may be more important than sharing toilet facility for health. 22,37 In our study, however, toilets in own yard or plot were associated with higher risk of diarrhea in children than those who had toilets within the dwelling.…”

Section: Factors Of Diarrhea Of Malawian Children Under Fivementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors of diarrhea of children under five in Malawi: based on Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015–2016

Moon

Choi

et al. 2019

J Glob Health Sci

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Background: Diarrhea of children under 5 in Malawi, a high-burden country for diarrhea, accounted for 7% of under-5 mortality in 2017. Preceding studies have revealed the association between diarrhea of under-fives and characteristics of children and households including water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). There has been limited household-level analysis regarding diarrhea in Malawi, thus the aim of our study is to identify risk factors of diarrheal disease among children under 5 in Malawi. Methods: Data set for this study were drawn from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2015-2016 and 14,872 children were selected as study samples. Independent variables included social-demographic characteristics, household living conditions and WASH environment. Variables that had a P-value lower than 0.05 in the simple logistic analysis were included in multiple logistic regression model. Results: Approximately 20% of children had diarrhea within 2 weeks. In multiple model, demographic characteristics of sex and age of child, size of child at birth, region, mother's age and working status were associated with the risk of diarrhea. Regarding WASH environment, 30 minutes or longer to get water (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.184; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.045-1.342), unimproved toilet facilities (AOR, 1.185; 95% CI, 1.088-1.291), toilet facilities located in yard/plot (AOR, 1.344; 95% CI, 1.056-1.711) and elsewhere (AOR, 1.375; 95% CI, 1.048-1.805), and lack of handwashing facility with water and soap (AOR, 1.180; 95% CI, 1.010-1.379) increased the odds of diarrhea. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that socio-demographic characteristics and poor conditions of WASH increased the diarrheal risk of young children. The location of toilet facility implies that proximity is important, but it is necessary to determine the location according to local circumstances. Our study suggests that WASH infrastructure and behavior change strategies need to prioritize Malawi's vulnerable groups.

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“…26 However, it has been known that water sanitation problems increase the risk of diarrhea. 27 Access to healthy water, sanitation, hygiene interventions, and vaccination are important in avoiding and managing diarrheal diseases. 28,29 A little more than half of the babies experienced diarrhea before taken to doctor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Factors Related with Behaviors and Approaches of Mothers in Avoiding Children from Gastroenteritis

Durduran

Kandemir

Pekcan

et al. 2019

J Pediatr Infect Dis

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Gastrointestinal infection is an important public health problem in children and is frequently seen in developing countries due to low socioeconomic status and education levels, not obeying hygiene rules, and lack of environmental sanitation. Prevention of diarrheal diseases and raising the awareness of the mothers about diarrhea/gastroenteritis is a very important subject. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the mothers, who attended a pediatric outpatient clinic for any reason, about the management and prevention of gastroenteritis in children.This cross-sectional study was performed in Konya, Turkey. The study was carried out with mothers who attended the pediatric outpatient clinic of a faculty of medicine and who had a baby between 0 and 2 years of age. Surveys prepared according to the literature, were used for collecting data. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent t-test were used for data analysis. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant.The mean age of mothers was 31.7 ± 7.2 years. Of all the mothers, 97.2% had short nails, 76.3% regularly cleaned their nails once a week, and 92.2% used soap for hand washing every time. A mean score of 8.7 ± 2.8 for a question giving 12 situations where hand washing was necessary was obtained. Of the mother's babies, 40.3% had had diarrhea at least once. In terms of giving baby water and changing feeding behavior during diarrhea/gastroenteritis, significant differences were found between mothers whose babies had diarrhea/gastroenteritis previously and those whose babies had not experienced diarrhea/gastroenteritis. 83.6% of mothers had never heard about vaccination against rotavirus.Washing hands correctly and mothers' knowledge about proper water and food hygiene are important points in protecting children against diarrheal and gastroenteritis diseases. However, there is lack of knowledge and good practice, both in protecting children from, and managing children with, diarrhea. Thus, we believe that it would be beneficial to inform and educate mothers with little children, regularly about these issues.

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Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices, and Housing Quality to Prevent Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Nigeria

Cited by 70 publications

References 16 publications

Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

Risk factors of diarrhea of children under five in Malawi: based on Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015–2016

The Factors Related with Behaviors and Approaches of Mothers in Avoiding Children from Gastroenteritis

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