“…In this study, VIX and VIX futures prices are downloaded from the CBOE website. We apply VIX 5-min highfrequency data to our article, which is extracted from VIX 1-min data obtained from Thomson Reuters, because 5-min data can avoid market noise according to previous studies (Andersen et al, 2011;Ma et al, 2021;Qiao et al, 2019;Seo & Kim, 2015). To avoid any liquidity-related bias, several filters are applied to VIX futures prices with reference to the existing studies (Huang et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2017;Zhu & Lian, 2012) , 100 252 * * .…”