Improving Tumor Retention of Effector Cells in Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapies by Magnetic Targeting

Abstract

Adoptive cell transfer therapy is a promising anti-tumor immunotherapy in which effector immune cells are transferred to patients to treat tumors. However, one of its main limitations is the inefficient trafficking of inoculated effector cells to the tumor site and the small percentage of effector cells that remain activated when reaching the tumor. Multiple strategies have been attempted to improve the entry of effector cells into the tumor environment, often based on tumor types. It would be, however, interesting to develop a more general approach, to improve and facilitate the migration of specific activated effector lymphoid cells to any tumor type. We and others have recently demonstrated the potential for adoptive cell transfer therapy of the combined use of magnetic nanoparticle-loaded lymphoid effector cells together with the application of an external magnetic field to promote the accumulation and retention of lymphoid cells in specific body locations. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the recent findings in the field of magnetic accumulation and retention of effector cells in tumors after adoptive transfer, and to discuss the possibility of using this approach for tumor targeting with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.

Understanding MNPs Behaviour in Response to AMF in Biological Milieus and the Effects at the Cellular Level: Implications for a Rational Design That Drives Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy toward Clinical Implementation

“…In addition, NPs also play an important role in cancer treatment, improving chemotherapy delivery [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], and they are being used in the development of innovative techniques such as gene [ 23 , 24 ] and HT therapies. Another interesting approach is the use of NP-loaded cells instead of individual NPs, a good example being the use of MNP-loaded immune cells for magnetic targeting in adoptive cell transfer therapies [ 25 ]. Both the possibilities for diagnosis and treatment make these nanomaterials, and specifically MNPs, very powerful candidates in the fight against cancer, know referred to as theranostic agents [ 16 , 26 ].…”

Engineering Nano‐Therapeutics to Boost Adoptive Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment

“…[ 70 ] Recently, the magnetic‐guided in vivo cell delivery has also been reported to direct the adoptively transferred lymphocytes such as macrophages, T cells, or NK cells to infiltrate in tumors for the enhanced antitumor response. [ 71 ] Previous strategies aimed at introducing the magnetic nanoparticles into the interior of adoptively transferred therapeutic cells to guide their direction toward tumors under the external magnetic field. [ 72 ] Jang et al.…”

Do Lipid-based Nanoparticles Hold Promise for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Anticancer Alkaloids?

“…Some examples of promising targeted nanomedicines in clinical trials include the BIND-014 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted docetaxel nanoparticle for metastatic prostate cancer (Phase 2 completed) [113,114], SGT-53 anti-transferrin receptor single chain antibody fragment (anti-TfR-scFv) liposomal nanoparticle delivering wild-type p53 gene for advanced solid tumor (Phase 2 ongoing; NCT02340117) [115], SGT-94 anti-TfR-scFv liposomal nanoparticle delivering RB-94 gene for metastatic genitourinary cancer (phase 1 completed) [116] and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) immunoliposomes loaded with doxorubicin (anti-EGFR ILs-dox) for advanced solid tumor (phase 2 ongoing; NCT02833766) [117]. Another very promising approach of targeted drug delivery involves magnetic targeting to target drugs precisely to desired tumor regions with the aid of magnetic nanoparticles guided by the external magnetic field [118,119]. Interestingly, the lipid-based nanocarriers showed enhanced radiation and chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death as well [120].…”