“…Positive student-teacher relationships can help students achieve, engage, regulate their emotions, build social competence, and take on academic challenges. High-quality teacher-student relationships may also (with other teacher strategies) reduce stereotype threat (Steele, 2010), protect students who are at higher levels of risk for poor outcomes (e.g., Roorda, Koomen, Spilt, & Oort, 2011), and buffer the effects of victimization and other adversity (e.g., Norwalk, Hamm, Farmer, & Barnes, 2016). Together, the neural integration of affective, cognitive, social, and emotional processes that are vital to student motivational states and successful learning reflect the power of these developmentally constitutive relationships, particularly when combined with a well-designed mastery learning framework.…”