Improving the Ramer scheme for diagnosis of freezing rain in China

Lu, Zhengqi; Han, Yongxiang; Liu, Yubao

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105520

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This "warm-cold" temperature profile structure also corresponds to the "supercool and warm rain" mechanism of freezing rain. Freezing rain grows by collision and coalescence of supercooled cloud droplets and raindrops [21].…”

Section: Comparison Of Icing Temperature and Humidity Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two main mechanisms for freezing rain development: the "melting" process and the "supercooled warm rain" process [20]. Based on the statistical analysis of 572 freezing rain events in sounding stations from 2008 to 2017, Lu et al [21] found that the "melting" process was mostly responsible for the freezing rain formation at low-altitude stations (<500 m) and middle-altitude stations (500-1500 m), while the "supercooled warm rain" process was the main mechanism for high-altitude stations (>1500 m).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meteorological Characteristics of a Continuous Ice-Covered Event on Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines in Yunnan Region in 2021

He,

Song,

Huang

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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Yunnan plays a pivotal role in transmitting electricity from west to east within China’s Southern Power Grid. During 7–13 January 2021, a large-scale continuous ice-covering event of ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines occurred in the Qujing area of eastern Yunnan Province. Based on ERA5 reanalysis data and meteorological observation data of UHV transmission line icing in China’s Southern Power Grid, the synoptic causes of the icing are comprehensively analyzed from various perspectives, including weather situations, vertical stratification of temperature and humidity, local meteorological elements, and atmospheric circulation indices. The results indicate a strong East Asian trough and a blocking high directing northern airflow southward ahead of the ridge. Cold air enters the Qujing area and combines with warm and moist air from the subtropical high pressure of 50–110° E. As warm and cold air masses form a quasi-stationary front over the northern mountainous area of Qujing due to topographic uplift, the mechanism of “supercooling and warm rain” caused by the “warm–cold” temperature profile structure leads to freezing rain events. Large-scale circulation indices in the Siberian High, East Asian Trough, and 50–110° E Subtropical High regions provided clear precursor signals within 0–2 days before the icing events.

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Section: Comparison Of Icing Temperature and Humidity Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meteorological Characteristics of a Continuous Ice-Covered Event on Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines in Yunnan Region in 2021

He,

Song,

Huang

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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“…As an open-source community mesoscale numerical model, the WRF model has generally been used to investigate regional climate modelling (Wang and Kotamarthi, 2015;Cardoso et al, 2019;Moustakis et al, 2021), whether diagnosis (Ullah and Shouting, 2013;Lu et al, 2021), numerical weather prediction (Case et al, 2008;Zheng et al, 2016), land-atmosphere 145 interactions (Wang et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2020Zhang et al, , 2021. Specifically, the WRF model has been demonstrated to reproduce the historical spatiotemporal characteristics of temperature (Politi et al, 2021), precipitation (Moustakis et al, 2022), and biomes classified (Zevallos and Lavado-Casimiro, 2022) well, and can successfully project the changes in temperature and precipitation over China (Hui et al, 2018).…”

Section: Dynamical Downscaling Of Gcm Outputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the Future Afforestation Distribution of China Constrained by National Afforestation Plan and Climate Change

Song,

Zhang,

Yan

2023

Preprint

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Abstract. Afforestation has been considered a critical nature-based solution to mitigate global warming. China has announced an ambitious afforestation plan covering an area of 73.78×104 km2 from 2020 to 2050. However, it is unclear where it will be suitable for afforestation under future climate change. Here, we carried out a finer resolution (25 by 25 km) of climate change dynamic downscaling for China using the WRF model nested with bias-corrected MPI–ESM1–2–HR model; then, using the Holdridge life zone model forced by the WRF model output, we mapped the climatological suitability for forest in China. The results showed that the potential forestation domain (PFD) at present (1995–2014) approximated 500.75×104 km2, and it would increase to 518.25×104 km2, by about 3.49 %, to the period of 2041–2060 under the SSP2–4.5 scenario. Considering the expansion of the future PFD caused by climate change, the afforestation area for each province was allocated into grid cells following the climatological suitability for the forest. The newly afforestation grid cells would occur around and to the east of the Hu Line. Due to afforestation, the land cover would be modified. The conversion of grasslands to deciduous broadleaf forests in northern China covered most area, accounting for 41 % of the newly afforestation area. The grid cell-resolved afforestation dataset was consistent with the provincial afforestation plan and the future climatological forest suitability. It would be valuable for investigating the impacts of future afforestation on various aspects, including the carbon budget, ecosystem services, water resources, and surface climate.

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“…The ice nuclei in the raindrop tend to activate when the

{T}_{r}

< −5°C (Meyers et al., 1992; Petters & Wright, 2015), which may lead to a change in precipitation type from freezing rain to ice pellet (Reeves et al., 2016). Since the

{\Delta}{T}_{wr}

and

{\Delta}{T}_{ar}

at high‐altitude stations are relatively weak, the air temperature range corresponding to the maintenance of

{T}_{r}

between −5°C and 0°C is wider at high‐altitude stations than that at low‐altitude stations (Lu et al., 2021), which also leads to a higher frequency and wider temperature range of freezing rain at high‐altitude stations than at low‐altitude stations.…”

Section: Theoretical Model and Sensitivity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study

Han

Liu

2022

JGR Atmospheres

Self Cite

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Freezing rain has been normally considered to be composed of supercooled raindrops when the 2 m air temperature (hereafter Tas ${T}_{as}$) is below freezing. However, according to a statistical survey of freezing rain observations in China from 2000 to 2019, we find that there were 656 events that occurred at Tas ${T}_{as}$ greater than 0°C (hereafter warm freezing rain and denoted by WFR), which account for 7% of the total freezing rain observations. Additionally, nearly 3% (266 observations) of freezing rain events occurred when the near‐surface wet‐bulb temperature was greater than 0°C. The modeling and sensitivity experiments on the nonequilibrium raindrop temperature (hereafter Tr ${T}_{r}$) show that the temperature difference between raindrops and the atmosphere is the main cause of WFR. The magnitudes of the normalΔTar ${\Delta}{T}_{ar}$ (difference between raindrop temperature Tr ${T}_{r}$ and air temperature Ta ${T}_{a}$) and normalΔTwr ${\Delta}{T}_{wr}$ (difference between Tr ${T}_{r}$ and wet‐bulb temperature Tw ${T}_{w}$) are determined by the raindrop diameter D, temperature lapse rate Г, and relative humidity RH. Increases of D and Г, and a decrease of RH enhance normalΔTar ${\Delta}{T}_{ar}$ and normalΔTwr ${\Delta}{T}_{wr}$ and thus the occurrence of WFR. Further simulations of 4 idealized and 370 real sounding profiles reveal that either the Ta ${T}_{a}$ or the Tw ${T}_{w}$ cannot properly distinguish the WFR events. When considering the temperature difference between raindrops and the atmosphere, the WFR can form by the “melting of solid hydrometeors” or “supercooled warm rain process.” This study can also deepen our understanding of the conditions of WFR and freezing rain formation at different altitudes.

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Improving the Ramer scheme for diagnosis of freezing rain in China

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Meteorological Characteristics of a Continuous Ice-Covered Event on Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines in Yunnan Region in 2021

Meteorological Characteristics of a Continuous Ice-Covered Event on Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines in Yunnan Region in 2021

Mapping the Future Afforestation Distribution of China Constrained by National Afforestation Plan and Climate Change

Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study

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