Improving the Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbit by Supplementation of Germinated Brown Rice

Abstract

It is imperative that there be a diet designed specifically to improve lipid profile in order to impede the progress of atherosclerosis. Because rice is a staple food in Asia, it will be chosen as the diet of interest. This study sets out to discover whether consumption of different processed rice diets may result in a change of the lipid profile. The experiment was done on male New Zealand white rabbits after 10 weeks of treatment with diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. The experimental diets include white rice (WR), brown rice (BR), and germinated brown rice (GBR). Among them, rabbits fed a GBR diet demonstrated significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL/HDL, and atherogenic index (AI) and a higher level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Results from atherosclerotic plaque assessment further support the findings. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), which acts as an indicator for oxidative stress, was also reduced by GBR diet. The positive change in lipid profile in the rabbits fed GBR appeared to correspond with the higher amounts of γ-oryzanol, tocopherol, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content.

The Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Germinated Brown Rice Involves the Upregulation of the Apolipoprotein A1 and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Genes

“…Our GABA concentration was higher than the concentrations reported by others for the same type of rice germinated for the same duration [24]. However, Esa et al reported that higher amounts of oryzanol, tocopherols, and monounsaturated fatty acids confer better hypocholesterolemic effects [12]. Phytosterol glycosides such as ASG have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic effects, and the mechanism is believed to involve the regulation of cholesterol absorption [15], which eventually lowers cardiovascular disease risk [25].…”

Antidiabetic Properties of Germinated Brown Rice: A Systematic Review

“…Metabolic improvements due to GBR that may be beneficial in the management of type 2 diabetes include better glycemic control [13, 44–48, 51, 52, 55, 56], correction of dyslipidemia [46, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57], amelioration of oxidative stress [40, 58], reduced type 1 tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) [45, 56], and increased sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase and homocysteine thiolactonase activities [50, 58]. Of the studies reported to date, only one has shown that GBR does not improve any metabolic indices in type 2 diabetes [44].…”

Effect of Germination on the Antioxidant Capacity of Pigmented Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L. cv. Superjami and Superhongmi)

“…The rice is considered germinated when the primary root is already visible (Moongngarm and Khomphiphatkul, 2011). A number of studies have shown that germinated rice possesses various pharmacological properties, such antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemia, antioxidant, and anticancer (Mohd Esa et al, 2013;Patil and Khan, 2011;Wu et al, 2013b).…”

“…While a number of studies have been conducted on the antioxidant capacity of pigmented rice and physiological functions of germinated brown rice (Kang et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2015;Mohd Esa et al, 2013;Shen et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2013b), there were limited reports on the functional properties of germinated pigmented rice (Jiapong et al, 2011;Sutharut and Sudarat, 2012;Umnajkitikorn et al, 2013).…”

“…The rice is considered germinated when the primary root is already visible (Moongngarm and Khomphiphatkul, 2011). A number of studies have shown that germinated rice possesses various pharmacological properties, such antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemia, antioxidant, and anticancer (Mohd Esa et al, 2013;Patil and Khan, 2011;Wu et al, 2013b).Biochemical changes occur during germination of rice which causes softening of the endosperm and an increase in nutrient bioavailability (Islam and Becerra, 2012;Patil and Khan, 2011).Pigmented rice varieties are rice grains with colored pericarp and have been shown to have higher amounts of nutrients and greater antioxidant capacity than ordinary non-pigmented rice (Laokdiluk et al, 2011;Kang et al, 2013). A study conducted by Nam et al (2005) revealed that extracts from pigmented rice brans have anticancer and antimutagenic properties.…”