“…However, most companies do not detect this waste. (Yarbrough et al, 2022) VSM can be used both when introducing a new production line and when facing capacity problems, optimizing value flow or reducing variability of an existing production line (Roser, 2022). VSM is successfully used to eliminate waste (Kumar et al, 2018;Florescu & Barabas, 2018;Stadnicka & Litwin, 2019;Zahraee et al, 2020;Schoeman et al, 2020;Salwin et al, 2021) and supported Industry 4.0 initiatives (Hartmann et al, 2018;Martin et al, 2020, Arey et al, 2021Klimecka-Tatar & Ingaldi, 2022;Ferreira et al, 2022).…”