Improving the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant/high‐density polyethylene composites using surfactant‐modified montmorillonite clay

Khanal, Santosh; Lu, Yunhua; Dang, Li; Xu, Shiai

doi:10.1002/app.51940

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…In scientific research, montmorillonite (MMT) and halloysite, came from smectite and kaolinite respectively, were consistently reported as raw materials of FRs over the two decades. [50][51][52][53] Their unique layered or tubular nanostructure endows polymer matrices with enhanced thermal and/or mechanical properties, in addition to excellent suppression on heat release. Recently, sepiolite and vermiculite were also used to create fire-retardant coatings.…”

Section:  Starting Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the pathway to sustainable fire retardants

et al. 2023

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Flame retardants are currently used in a wide range of industry sectors for saving lives and property by mitigating fire hazards. The growing fire safety requirements for materials boost an escalating demand for consumption of fire retardants. This has significantly driven both the industry and scientific community to pursue sustainable fire retardants, but what makes a sustainable flame retardant? Here an overview of recent advances in sustainable flame retardants is offered, and their renewable raw materials, green synthesis and life cycle assessments are highlighted. A discussion on key challenges that hinder the innovation of fire retardants and design principles for creating truly sustainable yet cost‐effective fire retardants are also presented. This short work is expected to help drive the development of sustainable, cost‐effective fire retardants, and expedite the creation of a more sustainable and safer society.

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Section:  Starting Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the pathway to sustainable fire retardants

et al. 2023

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“…[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Moreover, different fillers like clay, zirconium-based compounds, zinc borate, zeolite, and kaolin were used in the production of polyethylene composite materials with/without intumescent flame retardant systems. [29][30][31][32][33][34] It was determined that there were two reasons for using the fillers. The first one was to reduce the production costs of the composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fly ash and intumescent flame retardant on thermal, burning, and mechanical properties of polyethylene composites

Demiryuğuran,

Usta

2023

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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In this study, fly ash (FA) which mainly consists of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO, was used as a synergistic additive (1–5 wt %) to improve the effectiveness of an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system (25 wt %) in high density polyethylene (HDPE). IFR system composed of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol (3/1 ratio), and different amounts of FA were incorporated homogeneously into HDPE. Thermogravimetric analyses and thermal conductivity measurements were performed to determine the thermal properties. Meanwhile, limiting oxygen index, UL 94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry tests were performed to investigate the fire resistance. Furthermore, the effects of IFR/FA additions on the mechanical properties were determined. The experimental results showed that IFR and IFR/FA additions resulted in early degradation with lower rates, and the residual mass values increased due to the char layers and the FA content. Also, IFR addition increased the thermal conductivity coefficient from 0.451 W/mK to 0.462 W/mK and IFR/FA additions further increased the coefficient up to 0.506 W/mK. Although the sample included only 25 wt % IFR could meet the requirements of UL 94 V-2 with a LOI value of 25.0%, 2, 3 and 4 wt % FA additions satisfied the criteria of UL 94 V-0 with a LOI value of 26.6%. In addition, the cone calorimeter results revealed that the peak heat release rates and total heat released values decreased with IFR (25 wt %) and FA (2, 3, and 4 wt %) additions. Furthermore, CO, CO2, and soot emissions of the composites significantly reduced with respect to HDPE. The NO increased with IFR additions due to the nitrogen content of APP. 25% IFR addition caused decreases in the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and Izod impact strength. However, FA additions slightly enhanced the mechanical properties of HDPE/IFR composite.

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“…To enhance the efficiency of intumescent flame retardant, a series of strategies have been reported, such as microencapsulation to improve its water resistance [ 12 ], novel char-forming agents [ 13 ], and synergistic agents as additives [ 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. It has been proven that synergistic agents (such as nanocaly [ 17 ], zeolites [ 18 ], metal–organic frameworks [ 19 ], graphene [ 20 ], zinc borate, and fume silica [ 21 , 22 ]) can effectively improve flame retardancy of polypropylene composites at a relatively low dosage (commonly less than 3 wt.%). Bayramli et al, reported that boron compounds show a maximum flame retardancy effect at 3 wt.% loading and the zinc borate-containing PP composites show the highest rating (V0) using the UL-94 test [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Nano-Silica and Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Reaction Properties of Polypropylene Composites

et al. 2023

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Silica nanoparticles (nano-silica) were used as synergistic agents with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) to enhance flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP) in this research. The composites were prepared using a melt-mixing method. The influences of nano-silica on the fire performance of composites were thoroughly discussed, which promotes understanding of nano-silica on the flame-retardant performance of polypropylene composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated that the nano-silica with a diameter of about 95 ± 3.9 nm were dispersed favorably in the composite matrix, which might elevate its synergistic effect with intumescent flame retardant and improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene composite. The synergistic effects between nano-silica and intumescent flame retardant on PP composites were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The total amount of flame retardant was maintained at 30%. When the dosage of nano-silica was 1 wt.%, the LOI value of PP/IFR/Si1.0 composite reached 27.3% and its UL-94 classification reached V-1. Based on the parameters of the CCT, the introduction of nano-silica induced composites with depressed heat release rate (HRR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR). The PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was only 295.8 kW/m2, which was 17% lower than that of PP/IFR. Moreover, the time to PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was delayed to 396 s, which was about 36 s later than that without nano-silica. EDS was used to quantitatively analyze the distribution of silica in charred residue. The EDS results indicated that the silica tended to accumulate on the surface during the fire. The surface accumulation characteristic of silica endows it with the enhanced flame-retardant properties of polypropylene composite at a very small dosage (as low as 1 wt.%).

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Improving the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant/high‐density polyethylene composites using surfactant‐modified montmorillonite clay

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

Rethinking the pathway to sustainable fire retardants

Rethinking the pathway to sustainable fire retardants

Effects of fly ash and intumescent flame retardant on thermal, burning, and mechanical properties of polyethylene composites

Synergistic Effect of Nano-Silica and Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Reaction Properties of Polypropylene Composites

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