Improving the electric field sensing capabilities of the long-period fiber grating coated with a liquid crystal layer

Czapla, Aleksandra; Bock, Wojtek J.; Woliński, Tomasz R.; Mikulic, Predrag; Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, Edward; Dąbrowski, R.

doi:10.1364/oe.24.005662

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Although most optical fiber materials do not have a second-order optical nonlinearity, it is possible to build fiber electric field sensors by surface refractometry with the help of electro-optic coatings. The most frequent examples of this have been liquid crystal coatings (or infiltrations into the holes of microstructured fibers), but those are limited to static or relatively low-frequency measurements [252][253][254]. Recent developments in the accuracy and sensitivity of fiber-based refractometers open up new possibilities using solid electro-optic coatings at frequencies limited only by the speed of the fiber interrogation systems (at least tens of gigahertz for single wavelength/photodetector detection systems) using laser light tuned on the edge of a transmission resonance, as in [186].…”

Section: Electromagnetic Sensors Based On Surface Refractometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors

et al. 2022

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The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors, mainly encompassing interferometers and advanced fiber gratings. Compared with their single-mode counterparts, which have a very mature field with many highly successful commercial applications, multimodal configurations have developed more recently with advances in fiber device fabrication and novel mode control devices. Multimodal fiber sensors considerably widen the range of possible sensing modalities and provide opportunities for increased accuracy and performance in conventional fiber sensing applications. Recent progress in these areas is attested by sharp increases in the number of publications and a rise in technology readiness level. In this paper, we first review the fundamental operating principles of such multimodal optical fiber sensors. We then report on the theoretical formalism and simulation procedures that allow for the prediction of the spectral changes and sensing response of these sensors. Finally, we discuss some recent cutting-edge applications, mainly in the physical and (bio)chemical fields. This paper provides both a step-by-step guide relevant for non-specialists entering in the field and a comprehensive review of advanced techniques for more skilled practitioners.

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Section: Electromagnetic Sensors Based On Surface Refractometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors

et al. 2022

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“…For example, Zhao et al demonstrated an LC-infiltrated photonic crystal cavity combining the excellent resonant properties of a photonic crystal cavity with the demodulation properties of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer [38]. Czapla et al improved the capabilities of electric field sensing with a long-period fiber grating coated with an LC layer [39]. However, THz sensors for electromagnetic field monitoring can hardly be found in the former reports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Resolution Terahertz Electric Field Sensor Using a Corrugated Liquid Crystal Waveguide

Gong

Fan

2019

Crystals

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Liquid crystals (LCs) can always reflect variable optical properties in a broad terahertz (THz) band under external electric or magnetic fields. Based on the measurements of these varying properties, we can realize electric and magnetic field sensing with very high sensitivity. Here, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate a type of electric field sensor in the THz frequency range based on the defect mode arising in a periodically corrugated waveguide with liquid crystals. The Bragg defect structure consisting of periodically corrugated metallic walls and a defect in the middle can provide a narrow transmitted peak with controllable bandwidth, which can be used for external field sensing when it is filled with LCs. The molecular orientation of nematic LCs (E7) is not only very sensitive to the applied DC electric field but also very crucial to the effective refractive index of E7. Changing the effective index can efficiently shift the frequency of the transmitted peak in the THz spectrum. The simulated results show that the sensitivity can reach as high as 9.164 MHz/(V/m) and the smallest resolution is 0.1115 V/m. The proposed sensor and its significant performance could benefit electric field sensing and extend the applications of THz technology.

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“…A different approach was present in Refs. 19 , 20 , where “standard” LPFGs were surrounded with thin layer of LC, allowing for both thermal and electric tuning of the position of the transmission spectra dip.…”

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Periodic liquid crystalline waveguiding microstructures

Ertman,

Orzechowski,

Rutkowska

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Different methods allowing for creating optical waveguides with liquid–crystal (LC) cores, in which molecules form periodic patterns with precisely controlled periods, are reported. The first one is based on reversible photoalignment with high-resolution selective illumination and allows to control the period of LC molecules inside silica microcapillaries. The second method employs microstructures formed in PDMS, allowing to obtain both: LC-core waveguides and a set of specially designed periodic microelectrodes used for the periodic reorientation of molecules. Using both methods, we successfully controlled the period of the patterned alignment in the range from about 500 µm and scaled it down to as small as 20 µm. We performed experimental studies on waveguiding phenomenon in such structures, in view to obtain transmission spectra typical to optical fiber gratings. Since the results achieved in experimental conditions differed from those expected, the additional numerical simulations were performed to explain the observed effects. Finally, we obtained the waveguiding in a blue phase LC, characterized by naturally created three-dimensional periodicity with periods smaller than one micrometer. In such a structure, we were able to observe first-order bandgap, and moreover, we were able to tune it thermally in nearly the whole visible spectral range.

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Improving the electric field sensing capabilities of the long-period fiber grating coated with a liquid crystal layer

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors

Mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors

A High-Resolution Terahertz Electric Field Sensor Using a Corrugated Liquid Crystal Waveguide

Periodic liquid crystalline waveguiding microstructures

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