Improving the Covid-19 Vaccination Rate in Pakistan—A Multipronged Policy Approach

Khan, Muhammad Salar

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.729102

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Pakistan started its vaccination drive in February 2021, prioritizing frontline healthcare workers and senior citizens [ 5 ]. More than 41.5 million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have been administered in Pakistan, with 5.4% of the population fully vaccinated and 9.8% partly vaccinated [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Adverse Effects of Vaccines Against SARS-COV-2

Mahmood¹,

Shujaat²,

Hayat³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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The global struggle against the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) on physical and mental health and on economic and social aspects of human life continues even after two and a half years have passed since the emergence of this virus. The development of vaccines was a milestone. By June 2022, billions of people have been vaccinated against the deadly virus. However, like any other vaccine, the various vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also cause a variety of adverse effects. Therefore this study aimed to determine the different acute side effects experienced after receiving the vaccines and correlating them with some socio-demographic and biomedical factors. MethodologyThis cross-sectional study has a sample size of 467. Study participants were recruited after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. After gaining approval from the Ethical Review Board (ERB) of CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan, an online questionnaire was distributed via social media. The survey questionnaire had a series of questions regarding the socio-demographic and biomedical characteristics of the participants, as well as the type of vaccine they got, followed by questions about the development of adverse effects after each dose (first and second). Data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The analysis was carried out in a confidence range of 95%, and a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsSinopharm (76.0%) was the most frequently received vaccine. Adverse events were reported more after the first dose (79.7%) than in the second (67.2%) (p value 0.001). The reported adverse events after either dose were of mild intensity (p<0.05). None of the individuals reported serious adverse events or hospitalization after getting the shots. Females, younger age groups, and individuals with BMI in the underweight category were more prone to developing symptoms and experiencing difficulty doing routine work after getting the doses. The associations were statistically significant (p<0.05). Blood group (A,B,0,AB), past COVID-19 history, and smoking status were not positively associated with the appearance of symptoms after either dose or with inconvenience doing daily work post-vaccination. ConclusionThe vaccines developed against COVID-19 offer benefits that outweigh the few mild adverse effects experienced. None of these symptoms is severe enough to stop an individual from doing routine work or result in morbidity or mortality. Therefore, people should avoid any hesitancy towards getting vaccinated to get past this pandemic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Adverse Effects of Vaccines Against SARS-COV-2

Mahmood¹,

Shujaat²,

Hayat³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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show abstract

“…Vaccinations were introduced in Pakistan during February 2021 in a stratified manner starting with healthcare workers and older age groups. It was reported that by July 2021, only 18.9% of Pakistani population had received COVID-19 vaccinations 54 . By December 2021 this rose to 31.3% (156.62 million vaccination doses were administered), and then to 55.9% by December 2022 (317.70 million vaccination doses were administered), https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/pakistan .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substitution spectra of SARS-CoV-2 genome from Pakistan reveals insights into the evolution of variants across the pandemic

Ashraf,

Bukhari,

Kanji

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Changing morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 across the pandemic has been linked with factors such as the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccination. Mutations in the Spike glycoprotein enhanced viral transmission and virulence. We investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 mutation rates and entropy were associated COVID-19 in Pakistan, before and after the introduction of vaccinations. We analyzed 1,705 SARS-CoV-2 genomes using the Augur phylogenetic pipeline. Substitution rates and entropy across the genome, and in the Spike glycoprotein were compared between 2020, 2021 and 2022 (as periods A, B and C). Mortality was greatest in B whilst cases were highest during C. In period A, G clades were predominant, and substitution rate was 5.25 × 10–4 per site per year. In B, Delta variants dominated, and substitution rates increased to 9.74 × 10–4. In C, Omicron variants led to substitution rates of 5.02 × 10–4. Genome-wide entropy was the highest during B particularly, at Spike E484K and K417N. During C, genome-wide mutations increased whilst entropy was reduced. Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 genome substitution rates were associated with a period when more virulent SARS-CoV-2 variants were prevalent. Reduced substitution rates and stabilization of genome entropy was subsequently evident when vaccinations were introduced. Whole genome entropy analysis can help predict virus evolution to guide public health interventions.

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“…The analysis of COVID-19 vaccination policies has been carried out through case studies of countries: Japan (7), Norway (8), Malawi (9), Pakistan (10), United States (11); Philippines (12); of different groups of countries according to national income (13); on the influence of transmission dynamics (14); characteristics of policy decisions (15); effectiveness of interventions to increase coverage (16); global access factors (17); and of mass vaccinations (18). In Latin America, the analysis of COVID-19 vaccination policies has been identified in the access of vaccines to Venezuelan migrants in different countries of the region (19), willingness to vaccinate in rural populations in Mexico (20), and the use of serological tests in vaccination programs (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy successes and policy failures in COVID-19 vaccinations in Latin American countries

R¹

2022

Gac Méd Caracas

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Introduction: The objective of the paper is to describe the characteristics of the success and failure of COVID-19 vaccination policies in Latin America. The emphasis of the paper is strictly descriptive, as the first step in a line of research that continues with explanatory approaches. Methods: For the comparison of country performance, the following milestones were defined: 1) the start date of the vaccination program, which expresses the institutional capacity for implementation, 2) the number of days required to reach 50 % full coverage, 3) number of days elapsed between 50 % full coverage and 80 % full coverage, and 4) percentage of booster dose coverage. The Our World in Data (2) database of the University of Oxford was used for the analyses.

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Improving the Covid-19 Vaccination Rate in Pakistan—A Multipronged Policy Approach

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Acute Adverse Effects of Vaccines Against SARS-COV-2

Acute Adverse Effects of Vaccines Against SARS-COV-2

Substitution spectra of SARS-CoV-2 genome from Pakistan reveals insights into the evolution of variants across the pandemic

Policy successes and policy failures in COVID-19 vaccinations in Latin American countries

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