“…Overall, results have been mixed, as some have found little to no difference longitudinally (Shymansky, Yore, & Anderson, 2004), and others have demonstrated gains on pre/ post assessments and annual state assessments during the duration of professional development programs (Czerniak, Beltyukova, Struble, Haney, & Lumpe, 2005;Johnson, Kahle, & Fargo, 2007a;Kahle, Meece, & Scantlebury, 2000;Ruby, 2006). Currently, a dearth remains in the science education literature on long-term performance for students who experience effective science learning environments including the use of contextualized instruction, inquiry, questioning, and cooperative learning as main foci.…”