Improving safety of interactions between conventional and autonomous ships

Rødseth, Ørnulf Jan; Wennersberg, Lars Andreas Lien; Nordahl, Håvard

doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115206

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The cited Light-GMB model can operate with 98.52% of detection accuracy. Another interesting problem regarding the introduction of autonomous ships into the real world inhabited by conventional ships is reported in [89]. The main problem is based on the possibility of understating from the point of view of the autonomous vessel in the event of facing a human-manned ship.…”

Section: Sensor Application For Navigation and Onboard Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Sensors for Sustainable and Safe Maritime Mobility

Briguglio,

Crupi

2024

JMSE

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The increasingly stringent requirements—in terms of limiting pollutants and the constant need to make maritime transport safer—generated the necessity to foresee different solutions that are original. According to the European Maritime Safety Agency, the total number of reported marine casualties and incidents is 21.173 over the period 2014–2021, with a yearly average of 2.647 casualties and incidents. According to the same source, 495 cases of pollution were reported in the period from 2014 to 2021. Marine pollution by ships’ fuel and other pollutants is linked to 64.2% of all pollution. It is mandatory to offer a new kind of ship that can exploit new technologies to increase safety for people and onboard goods. It has been found that existing marine structures for maritime mobility do not have essential sensors for avoiding emergency situations such as flooding, oil spills, or health situations requiring efficient monitoring. In addition, there is a lack of legislation defining the insertion of unmanned vehicles into the actual marine infrastructure. This review highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of sensors in the maritime sector, intensifying areas of improvement for future challenges, such as sensor energy efficiency, data processing, sensor fusion methodologies, and accurate sea state description with environmental monitoring by means of unmanned vehicles.

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Section: Sensor Application For Navigation and Onboard Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Sensors for Sustainable and Safe Maritime Mobility

Briguglio,

Crupi

2024

JMSE

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“…Despite progress made in autonomous shipping, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) still plans to keep these rules as a reference point and keep them in their current form [16]. Rødseth et al studied interactions between conventional and autonomous ships, and as a result, advocated changes in the COLREGs to improve safety at sea [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Expert Knowledge in Describing COLREGs Linguistic Variables

Kristić,

Žuškin

2024

JMSE

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The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs) have been the cornerstone of maritime navigation since their introduction. Knowledge and implementation of these rules are paramount in collision avoidance at sea. However, terms found in these rules are sometimes imprecise or fuzzy, as they are written by humans for humans, giving them some freedom in interpretation. The term Very Large Ship used in Rule 7 of the COLREGs is, by its nature, fuzzy. While human navigators understand this term’s meaning, it could be challenging for machines or autonomous ships to understand such an unprecise expression. Fuzzy sets could easily describe unprecise terms used in maritime navigation. A fuzzy set consists of elements with degrees of membership in a set, making them perfect for interpreting some terms where boundaries are unclear. This research was conducted among 220 navigational experts to describe linguistic variables used in maritime regulations. This research consists of an internationally distributed questionnaire. Membership data were collected with the adapted horizontal method, and the results were statistically analyzed, followed by regression analyses to describe the range and shape of membership functions. A conceptual model of the implementation of linguistic variables is presented. The novelty of this study derives from the data collecting, modeling, and quantification of the important but neglected linguistic term Very Large Ship based on a large number of navigational experts. The same quantification method could be easily used for other COLREGs linguistic variables, which could easily lift barriers to advances in intelligent solutions based on fuzzy sets. The obtained quantified fuzzy sets can be used in decision support or control systems used by conventional or autonomous ships in the future.

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