“…Apart from that, in terms of realizing an inclusive society, several conditions of fulfilling development are needed first; as previously conveyed, such development includes the development of human resources, health, economic equality, and political participation of the community (Beckett 2009, Gea et al 2016, Pelle & Laczi 2015, Walker & Musti-Rao 2016. The presence of a new autonomous region is the key to equitable development in the upstream area of the Mahakam River, although it sometimes is seen that new regional autonomy has poor development prospects (Simanjuntak 2015, Warsono & Yuwanto 2016, Wismono et al 2015. Nevertheless, in the Mahakam Ulu case, the new autonomous region responds to the hope of equitable development, which has long been aspired to by the upstream Mahakam River community.…”