Improving Pre-trained Language Models

Abstract

This chapter describes a number of different approaches to improve the performance of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs), i.e. variants of BERT, autoregressive language models similar to GPT, and sequence-to-sequence models like Transformers. First we may modify the pre-training tasks to learn as much as possible about the syntax and semantics of language. Then we can extend the length of the input sequence to be able to process longer inputs. Multilingual models are simultaneously trained with text in different languages. Most important is the inclusion of further knowledge into the PLM to produce better predictions. It turns out that by increasing the number of parameters, the size of the training data and the computing effort the performance of the models can always be increased. There are a number of different fine-tuning strategies which allow the model to be adapted to special tasks. In addition, models may be instructed by few-shot prompts to solve specific tasks. This is especially rewarding for larger PLMs, which therefore are called Foundation Models.

Transformers in Machine Learning: Literature Review

“…Sentiment analysis on film reviews using transformers (Putri et al, 2022;Bacco et al, 2021). Transformer introduces BERT and GPT with encoder and decoder (Ghojogh, 2020;Paaß & Giesselbach, 2023).…”