Improving Outplanting Designs for Northern Abalone (<i>Haliotis</i><i>kamtschatkana</i>): The Addition of Complex Substrate Increases Survival

Read, Kaitlyn D.; Lessard, Joanne; Boulding, Elizabeth G.

doi:10.2983/035.032.0123

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…; Roberts, Keys, Prendeville & Pilditch ; Read et al . ), and can therefore be regulated through careful selection of outplanting methods and sites. In comparison, behavioural anomalies among hatchery‐reared abalone are relatively unstudied (Schiel & Welden ; Strauss & Friedman ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests restoration efforts are needed if abalone populations are to recover. One potential solution, the outplanting of hatchery-reared H. kamtschatkana, has so far been limited by high mortality rates of hatchery abalone when released into the wild (Read, Lemay, Acheson & Boulding 2012;Hansen & Gosselin 2013;Read, Lessard & Boulding 2013). For H. kamtschatkana, the mortality rate of recently outplanted juveniles has been estimated at 66% over 2 weeks (Hansen & Gosselin 2013), while the mortality rate of wild individuals of the same age in the same region is <1% over the same duration (Breen 1980(Breen , 1986Fournier & Breen 1983;Sloan & Breen 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability of hatchery-reared abalone to avoid predation is accordingly critical to their survival upon outplanting. The influence of outplant density and habitat features on subsequent outplant survival have been the focus of numerous studies (McCormick et al 1994;Shepherd, Preece & White 2000;Shepherd & Clarkson 2001;deWaal & Cook 2001;Dixon et al 2006;Roberts, Keys, Prendeville & Pilditch 2007;Read et al 2013), and can therefore be regulated through careful selection of outplanting methods and sites. In comparison, behavioural anomalies among hatchery-reared abalone are relatively unstudied (Schiel & Welden 1987;Strauss & Friedman 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are hatchery-reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery-reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana(Jonas, 1845)

Hansen

Gosselin

2014

Aquac Res

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Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are hatchery-reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery-reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana(Jonas, 1845)

Hansen

Gosselin

2014

Aquac Res

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“…For example, complex substrate is important to juvenile abalone because it provides refuge from large, mobile predators including sea stars, larger crabs, and piscivorous fish (Aguirre and McNaught , Read et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect effects and prey behavior mediate interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator

et al. 2016

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. 2016. Indirect effects and prey behavior mediate interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator. Ecosphere 7(12):e01604. 10. 1002/ecs2.1604 Abstract. Managing for simultaneous recovery of interacting species, particularly top predators and their prey, is a longstanding challenge in applied ecology and conservation. The effects of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) on abalone (Haliotis spp.) is a salient example along North America's west coast where sea otters are recovering from 18th-and 19th-century fur trade while efforts are being made to recover abalone from more recent overfishing. To understand the direct and indirect effects of sea otters on northern abalone (H. kamtschatkana) and the relative influence of biotic and abiotic conditions, we surveyed subtidal rocky reef sites varying in otter occupation time in three regions of British Columbia, Canada. . Abalone densities were greater in deeper vs. shallower habitats at sites with sea otters compared to sites without otters. Sea otter effects on exposed abalone density were three times greater in magnitude than those of any other factor, whereas substrate and wave exposure effects on cryptic abalone were six times greater than those of sea otters. While higher substrate complexity may benefit abalone by providing refugia from sea otter predation, laboratory experiments revealed that it may also lead to higher capture efficiency by sunflower stars (Pycnopodia helianthoides), a ubiquitous mesopredator, compared to habitat with lower complexity. Sea otter recovery indirectly benefitted abalone by decreasing biomass of predatory sunflower stars and competitive grazing sea urchins, while increasing stipe density and depth of kelp that provides food and protective habitat. Importantly, abalone persisted in the face of sea otter recovery, albeit at lower densities of smaller and more cryptic individuals. We provide empirical evidence of how complex ecological interactions influence the effects of recovering predators on their recovering prey. This ecosystem-based understanding can inform conservation trade-offs when balancing multifaceted ecological, cultural, and socio-economic objectives for species at risk.

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“…Criteria determining quality abalone habitat included depth, substrate type, substrate rugosity, algal cover, and current exposure. Selected sites were between −4 and −8 m mean lower low water, and were dominated by rocky reef habitat with high complexity and ample refugia (Aguirre & McNaught, ; Read, Lessard, & Boulding, ). Rock covered mainly with crustose coralline algae, as opposed to sessile invertebrates, was preferred, as was nearby bull kelp N. luetkeana (Rogers‐Bennett et al, ; Sloan & Breen, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The survival of hatchery‐origin pinto abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana released into Washington waters

Carson

Morin

Bouma

et al. 2019

Aquatic Conservation

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Wild populations of pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in Washington Statehave declined by 97% since 1992, despite a fishery closure since 1994. No recruitment has been detected recently, indicating probable reproductive failure due to low densities. A pilot programme placed a total of over 11,000 hatchery-origin juveniles, age 18-22 months, at 10 sites in the San Juan Islands.2. Observed (naive) year 1 survival averaged 10.2% (0-23% range) and was most influenced by site compared with lineage or size-at-outplant. Families survived in the approximate proportions that they were outplanted, and there was little support for an effect of size-at-outplant on survival. Detection was lowdue to the small chance of sighting individuals on complex substrate. When derived from repeated sampling, an upper bound on naive detection rate averaged 0.38 and increased with size. When derived from a closed capture-recapture model, average detection was estimated at 0.19. 4. Growth was highly variable and confounded with detection, but an average 3.4% of detected outplants across all sites (0-7.5% range) had reached reproductive size in 2017. 5. A state-space model of exponential population growth was modified to account for imperfect detection and yielded an estimated density of abalone for each survey. Seven out of eight sites included in the model remained above a target abalone density of 0.3 m −2 throughout the project. 6. The majority of tagged abalone made little net movement over weekly and annual timescales, although some emigration likely reduced survival estimates.7. The restoration programme is transitioning from a pilot phase to a production phase, including optimization of hatchery and outplant processes. Existing wellperforming sites will receive additional cohorts every 4-5 years to maintain aggregation densities. New sites will replace poorly performing ones, although this is hampered by a poor understanding of the mechanisms behind site performance.

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Improving Outplanting Designs for Northern Abalone (Haliotiskamtschatkana): The Addition of Complex Substrate Increases Survival

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Are hatchery-reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery-reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana(Jonas, 1845)

Are hatchery-reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery-reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana(Jonas, 1845)

Indirect effects and prey behavior mediate interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator

The survival of hatchery‐origin pinto abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana released into Washington waters

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