Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics

Garcia-Morante, Beatriz; Maes, Dominiek; Sibila, Marina; Betlach, Alyssa M.; Sponheim, Amanda; Canturri, Albert; Pieters, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105877

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…All three groups tested statistically differed from each other using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test p < 0.001 (Figure 5B). Garcia-Morante et al (2022) highlight that the onset of coughing in experimentally infected pigs can be variable and intermittent, occurring between 1 and 3 weeks after infection. The immunopathological and environmental mechanisms leading to the formation of macroscopic lesions and, consequently, the manifestations of clinical disease are multifactorial.…”

Section: Grupomentioning

confidence: 92%

A genetic and virulence characterization of Brazilian strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Toledo,

de Souza,

Pereira

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is considered the primary causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic contagious respiratory disease that causes economic losses. Obtaining new pathogenic isolates and studying the genome and virulence factors are necessary. This study performed a complete sequencing analysis of two Brazilian strains, UFV01 and UFV02, aiming to characterize the isolates in terms of the virulence factors and sequence type. The complete genome analysis revealed the main virulence genes (mhp385, mhp271, MHP_RS03455, p102, p97, p216, MHP_RS00555, mhp107) and ST-123, the presence of three toxin-related genes (tlyC, PLDc_2 and hcnC), and some genetic groups specific to these two isolates. Subsequently, the pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated via an experimental infection conducted in a swine model. The study was divided into three groups, namely a negative control group (n = 4) and two test groups (n = 8), totaling 20 animals. They were challenged at 35 days of age with 107 CCU (Color Changing Units) M. hyopneumoniae via the intratracheal route. The UFV01 group showed earlier and higher seroconversion (IgG) (100%), while only 50% of the UFV02 group seroconverted. The same trend was observed when analyzing the presence of IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at 35 days post-infection (dpi). The UFV01 group had a mean macroscopic lesion score of 11.75% at 35 dpi, while UFV02 had 3.125%. Microscopic lesions were more severe in the UFV01 group. Based on laryngeal swab samples evaluated by qPCR, and the detection began at 14 days. The UFV01 group showed 75% positivity at 14 dpi. The UFV02 group also started excreting at 14 dpi, with a positivity rate of 37.5%. The results indicate that the UFV01 isolate exhibits higher virulence than UFV02. These findings may aid in developing new vaccines and diagnostic kits and establishing experimental models for testing.

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Section: Grupomentioning

confidence: 92%

A genetic and virulence characterization of Brazilian strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Toledo,

de Souza,

Pereira

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…M. hyopneumoniae infects the trachea ciliated epithelium, bronchi, and bronchiole, damaging the cilia and causing cell death. Due to its ability to modulate and evade the host immune response and to reduce the clearance efficiency of mucociliary apparatus, secondary infections occur frequently, causing either enzootic pneumonia or porcine respiratory disease complex [ 148 ].…”

Section: Mycoplasmas and Netsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mycoplasmas induce an acute inflammatory response, but chronic infections with recurrent symptoms are frequent. Persistent Mycoplasma infections, often asymptomatic, can also be associated with post-infection inflammatory diseases, such as chronic respiratory diseases (atypical pneumonia and asthma), mastitis, pelvic and urogenital inflammatory pathologies, and autoimmune and immunosuppressive diseases [ 21 , 122 , 130 , 138 , 143 , 148 , 151 , 152 ]. Fragmentary data about the involvement of mycoplasmas in the development of these diseases are available for human infections.…”

Section: Relevance Of Nets To Immunity and Mycoplasma Acute And Chron...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating the Enemy: Mycoplasma Strategies to Evade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Promoting Bacterial Nucleotides Uptake and Inflammatory Damage

Cacciotto

Alberti

2022

IJMS

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Neutrophils are effector cells involved in the innate immune response against infection; they kill infectious agents in the intracellular compartment (phagocytosis) or in the extracellular milieu (degranulation). Moreover, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complex structures composed of a scaffold of decondensed DNA associated with histones and antimicrobial compounds; NETs entrap infectious agents, preventing their spread and promoting their clearance. NET formation is triggered by microbial compounds, but many microorganisms have evolved several strategies for NET evasion. In addition, the dysregulated production of NETs is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Mycoplasmas are reduced genome bacteria, able to induce chronic infections with recurrent inflammatory symptoms. Mycoplasmas’ parasitic lifestyle relies on metabolite uptake from the host. Mycoplasmas induce NET release, but their surface or secreted nucleases digest the NETs’ DNA scaffold, allowing them to escape from entrapment and providing essential nucleotide precursors, thus promoting the infection. The presence of Mycoplasma species has been associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, and cancer. The persistence of mycoplasma infection and prolonged NET release may contribute to the onset of chronic inflammatory diseases and needs further investigation and insights.

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“…Clinical signs of MG in poultry range from subclinical to obvious respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, conjunctivitis, nasal exudate, and respiratory rales [ 2 ]. Several earlier reports were concerned with the enhancement and validation of different Mycoplasma species’ diagnostic schemes all over the world [ 11 , 12 ]. Since the organism can exist in a subclinical form, sensitive, specific, accurate, and time-saving diagnostic tools are critical for disease control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasmosis in Poultry: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Schemes and Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains

Al-baqir,

Hassanin,

Al-Rasheed

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Infections with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in poultry are associated with a wide range of disease conditions, including those affecting the respiratory and reproductive systems. The purpose of this study was to endorse the more sensitive diagnostic scheme for MG infection and identify the best molecular marker for MG phylogenetic analysis using six housekeeping genes: mgc2, mraW, atpG, ugpA, DUF31196, and lgT. For these purposes, 55 poultry flocks of different species were screened using either qRT-PCR or PCR techniques analogous to conventional culturing from non-cultured and cultured swabs on PPLO broth. The rate of MG positivity was the highest when using qRT-PCR from cultured broth (89.0%) and the lowest when using conventional culturing (34.5%). Compared to qRT-PCR from broth, statistical analysis using the Roc curve in MedCalc statistical software showed that the PCR schemes (qRT-PCR from swabs and PCR from swabs and broth) performed better than conventional culturing in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC), suggesting that they may be more reliable schemes. Further support was added by Cohen’s kappa test, showing moderate agreement between the molecular approaches. Among the six screened genes, mgc2 and mraW had the highest detection rates (69% and 65.4%, respectively). The comparative phylogenetic analysis revealed that mgc2 or atpG gene sequences distinguished MG isolates into different clades with high discriminatory power.

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Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics

Cited by 7 publications

References 121 publications

A genetic and virulence characterization of Brazilian strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A genetic and virulence characterization of Brazilian strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Eating the Enemy: Mycoplasma Strategies to Evade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Promoting Bacterial Nucleotides Uptake and Inflammatory Damage

Mycoplasmosis in Poultry: An Evaluation of Diagnostic Schemes and Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains

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