Improving Matrix Multiplication Using Parallel Computing

Detailed Study of Low Density Salt and Pepper Noise Removal from Digital Color Images

“…Colored digital images are one of the most common and widely used types of digital data, as they are used in many vital and important applications, which require improving them and removing noise from them, especially as they can be exposed to various types of noise that negatively affect the quality of the digital image [1][2][3][4][5]. Digital color image is composed of 3 2D matrixes, one 2D matrix for each color [6][7][8][9][10][11][12](red, green and blue) as shown in figure 1, the color pixel has value within the range 0 to 255, each color matrix (channel) can be affected by a noise, and this will lead to disturbed the image making it unclear [13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Two Ways to Improve Average and Median Filters

“…Each matrix can be extracted and treated separately, and the processed colors matrices can be combined to form a processed digital color image [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Salt and pepper noise is one of the most popular noises that can affect the color image making it unclear, this noise changes some pixel's values to 0 (pepper) or to 255 (salt), the negative effects caused by this noise depends on the noise density which is equal the number of affected pixels divided by the total pixel in the image, figure 2 shows how the negative effects will be increased when increasing noise density [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The quality of the filter operation can be measured by mean square error (MSE) between a source and denoised image, or/and by peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), the quality parameters can be calculated using equations 1 and 2 shown below [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]:…”

Multiple CLMMs Keys to Secure Message Transmission

“…Every time someone uses an ATM or buys something online using a smartphone, encryption is used to protect the information being transmitted. Companies are increasingly relying on encryption to protect applications and sensitive information from reputational damage in the event of a data breach [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. There are three main components to any encryption system: the data, the encryption engine, and the key management.…”

“…A number of standards organizations and bodies recommend or require that sensitive data be encrypted in order to prevent unauthorized third parties or threatening actors from gaining access to the data. For example, the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) requires merchants to encrypt customers' payment card data when it is stored at rest and transmitted over public networks [22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”