“…- Learning models are generally not understood and used comprehensively as the founding framework for CQI efforts [3] , [16] , [42] , [49] , [62] , [67]
- Language of Course Outcomes (COs) and associated PIs is deficient and lacks alignment with actual learning activities [3] , [16] , [28] , [29] , [42] , [49] , [62] – [64] , [67] .
- PIs are mostly generic and lack the required specificity to achieve required validity and reliability in assessment and evaluation [16] , [21] , [23] , [24] , [26] , [28] , [29] , [35] , [40] – [42] , [46] , [49] , [67] – [69] .
- Most rubrics are generic, simplistic and vague, and lack the necessary detail to accurately assess several hundred complex student learning activities of any engineering specialization [16] , [21] , [24] , [42] , [67] – [69] .
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