Improving inner structure and properties of additive manufactured amorphous plastic parts: The effects of extrusion nozzle diameter and layer height

Fischer, Dirk; Eßbach, Claudia; Schönherr, Robert; Dietrich, D.; Nickel, Dominik

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.102596

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We suppose that the number and size of the voids formed between the strands had a significant impact on the total strand adhesion. While the expected finding was presented in [44], this study showed that when the ratio between the layer height and the nozzle diameter decreased from 1 to 0.125, the porosity decreased from about 20% to 3%. In our study, this ratio took values from 1 to 0.4, where 1 corresponds to modes with a nozzle diameter D = 0.3 mm and a layer height H = 0.3 mm, and a ratio of 0.4 corresponds to modes with D = 0.5 mm and H = 0.2 mm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 41%

Prediction of The Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid Parts with Shape Memory Effect Fabricated by FDM

Issabayeva

Shishkovsky

2023

Polymers

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In this study, the mechanical as well as thermomechanical behaviors of shape memory PLA parts are presented. A total of 120 sets with five variable printing parameters were printed by the FDM method. The impact of the printing parameters on the tensile strength, viscoelastic performance, shape fixity, and recovery coefficients were studied. The results show that two printing parameters, the temperature of the extruder and the nozzle diameter, were more significant for the mechanical properties. The values of tensile strength varied from 32 MPa to 50 MPa. The use of a suitable Mooney–Rivlin model to describe the hyperelastic behavior of the material allowed us to gain a good fit for the experimental and simulation curves. For the first time, using this material and method of 3D printing, the thermomechanical analysis (TMA) allowed us to evaluate the thermal deformation of the sample and obtain values of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at different temperatures, directions, and running curves from 71.37 ppm/K to 276.53 ppm/K. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed a similar characteristic of curves and similar values with a deviation of 1–2% despite different printing parameters. The glass transition temperature for all samples with different measurement curves ranged from 63–69 °C. A material crystallinity of 2.2%, considered by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confirmed its amorphous nature. From the SMP cycle test, we observed that the stronger the sample, the lower the fatigue from cycle to cycle observed when restoring the initial shape after deformation, while the fixation of the shape did not almost decrease with each SMP cycle and was close to 100%. Comprehensive study demonstrated a complex operational relationship between determined mechanical and thermomechanical properties, combining the characteristics of a thermoplastic material with the shape memory effect and FDM printing parameters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 41%

Prediction of The Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid Parts with Shape Memory Effect Fabricated by FDM

Issabayeva

Shishkovsky

2023

Polymers

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“…Based on suggestions presented in many papers, there is a close relationship between the geometrical quality of a 3D printed object, such as surface roughness and its mechanical strength. 44 The singular layer of the specimen manufactured by the FFF technique consists of many parallel strands that are defined according to the specified pattern. The internal structure of the object is similar to the composite structure where the subsequent layers of the material are defined in different angular orientations, eg, 45 and −45 degrees.…”

Section: Identification Of the 3d Printing Parameters Of Pet-g Suitab...mentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing in the Fight Against Covid-19

Płatek¹,

Daniel²,

Cieplak³

et al. 2023

MDER

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The paper describes the design concept and findings from technological and initial clinical trials conducted to develop a helmet for non-invasive oxygen therapy using positive pressure, known as hCPAP (Helmet Continuous Positive Airway Pressure). Methods: The study utilized PET-G filament, a recommended material for medical applications, along with the FFF 3D printing technique. Additional technological investigations were performed for the production of fitting components. The authors proposed a parameter identification method for 3D printing, which reduced the time and cost of the study while ensuring high mechanical strength and quality of the manufactured elements. Results: The proposed 3D printing technique facilitated the rapid development of an ad hoc hCPAP device, which was utilized in preclinical testing and treatment of Covid-19 patients, and yielded positive results. Based on the promising outcomes of the preliminary tests, further development of the hCPAP device's current version was pursued. Conclusion:The proposed approach offered a crucial benefit by significantly reducing the time and costs involved in developing customized solutions to aid in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic.

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“…Among all FDM printing parameters, the layer thickness is the most crucial parameter compared to nozzle temperature, infill density, printing speed, nozzle diameter, raster angle, build orientation, and infill pattern for any material. Previously, several studies investigated the effectiveness of layer thickness on mechanical properties [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. An ideal 3D FDM printing machine's layer thickness typically ranges from 0.1 to 0.4 mm [18], which mainly depends on nozzle diameter [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of wood PLA filament: an experimental analysis by Taguchi method

Sultana,

Rahman,

Wang

et al. 2023

Prog Addit Manuf

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This study investigates the effects of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties (predominantly tensile properties) of a commercial polylactic acid-based wood fiber composite material known as wood filament. The influence of printing parameters, including layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature on the mechanical properties, is studied, and the design of the experiment (DOE) is made through Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The specimens for the tensile test are fabricated by the material extrusion (MEX) 3D printer, which is also known as fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF). After conducting the tensile test, this research considers four significant outcomes: tensile strength, maximum load, elastic modulus, and elongation at break. Further analysis of the obtained results from mechanical testing is performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the significance of each parameter on the mechanical properties. Moreover, prediction and optimization are conducted to verify the obtained results from the DOE. Furthermore, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) is used to analyze the fracture zones, cracks, voids, and fiber/matrix adhesion of the FDM fabricated parts which demonstrates that the lower layer thickness provides better adhesion and fewer voids between successive layers and thus exhibits better mechanical performance. Graphical abstract

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Improving inner structure and properties of additive manufactured amorphous plastic parts: The effects of extrusion nozzle diameter and layer height

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Prediction of The Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid Parts with Shape Memory Effect Fabricated by FDM

Prediction of The Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid Parts with Shape Memory Effect Fabricated by FDM

3D Printing in the Fight Against Covid-19

Influences of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of wood PLA filament: an experimental analysis by Taguchi method

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