“…Second, plans with a metropolitan scope show greater black achievement gains, perhaps because they reach more middle-class whites, which implies that successful desegregation is socioeconomic as well as racial (Longshore and Prager, 1985). Researchers have also documented the critical role of principal/teacher expectations and attitudes in the success or failure of desegregation programs, particularly with respect to improving achievement (Crain, Mahard and Narot, 1982;Genova and Walberg, 1984;Rubovits and Maehr, 1973;Hartman and Maehr, 1984;Weinberg, 1985).…”