“…Concerns that the high-stakes test environment (STA, 2019;Roberts, 2017;Ofqual, 2018a) can lead to a narrowed curriculum and a reduction in students' learning motivation (Lau, 2016), can be seen as contributory factors for three of the projects, with the teacher-students choosing topics they viewed as beneficial for students' overall development. Conceptual understanding is important in mathematics education and can be described as a student's mental representation of a topic, which is not problem-specific and frequently includes connections between topics (Rittle-Johnson et al, 2016), but the MTC can be successfully completed using rote learning. Collaborative learning can increase student support systems, improve cooperation, increase self-esteem, and promote critical thinking, problem-solving skills and motivation (Laal and Ghodsi, 2012).…”