Improving butylhydroxytoluene activity with alternative secondary antioxidants: High synergistic effect in stabilizing biodiesel/diesel fuel blends in the presence of pro-oxidative metal

Roveda, Ana Carolina; Oliveira, Ivan Pires de; Caires, Anderson Rodrigues Lima; Rinaldo, Daniel; Ferreira, Valdir Souza; Trindade, Magno Aparecido Gonçalves

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114558

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…19−21 Future research on biodiesel additives should focus on impacts in blended fuels and how these additives may behave when in contact with downstream contamination in the longer term. Given a study showing synergistic effects for secondary antioxidants added with BHT, 48 research on antioxidant formulations providing protection under both wet and dry conditions should also be a priority.…”

Section: ■ Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This feature of highly effective but highly polar antioxidants may account for the observation that biodiesel blend samples collected from retail and fleet tanks can have significantly lower stability than anticipated, even failing the minimum stability requirement in fuel standards. − Future research on biodiesel additives should focus on impacts in blended fuels and how these additives may behave when in contact with downstream contamination in the longer term. Given a study showing synergistic effects for secondary antioxidants added with BHT, research on antioxidant formulations providing protection under both wet and dry conditions should also be a priority.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Contamination Impacts on Biodiesel Antioxidants and Storage Stability

Christensen

McCormick

2023

Energy Fuels

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Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) can oxidize in storage to form acids and gums that negatively impact engine performance and durability. Antioxidant additives are used to increase biodiesel storage stability, and previous studies that evaluated the effectiveness of antioxidants demonstrated that more polar antioxidants tend to be the most effective (provide the largest improvement in stability per unit of antioxidant added). However, polar antioxidants have significant water solubility, and diesel fuel storage tanks are commonly contaminated with water (forming a layer of water under the fuel). This study investigates whether nonpolar antioxidants, which are less effective in dry environments, might be more effective under wet conditions simulating real-world storage. Biodiesel blends treated with polar and nonpolar antioxidants were subjected to accelerated aging using the ASTM D4625 protocol (storage at 43 °C, open to air, for up to 24 weeks) both with and without added water. Fuels treated with polar/highereffectiveness compounds and stored in contact with water (simulating water in a storage tank) or high humidity showed accelerated loss of stability compared to dry storage. The same fuel treated with a nonpolar antioxidant and stored in the same conditions did not exhibit accelerated stability loss and thus had higher storage stability over the long term despite treatment with an initially less effective additive. Analysis of the fuels during aging showed that this loss of stability was not due to oxidation but rather extraction of the polar antioxidant into the water layer. Antioxidant additives that are incompatible with wet or humid storage conditions were found to cause faster-than-anticipated loss of stability, which was preventable with use of nonpolar additives.

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Section: ■ Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Contamination Impacts on Biodiesel Antioxidants and Storage Stability

Christensen

McCormick

2023

Energy Fuels

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“…Considering the type of stabilizing mechanism, antioxidants can be regarded as primary and secondary: primary antioxidants interrupt the oxidation chain reaction, while the secondary ones act indirectly, e.g. by complexing a metal acting as a catalyst for oxidation reaction, decomposing the existing hydroperoxides to a non-radical species, or by absorbing radiation in the initiation stage of oxidative processes [11]. Chemically, there are amine-based substances with antioxidant effects (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability evaluation of biodiesel supplemented with synthetic and bio-based antioxidants by a pressurized accelerated oxidation method

Đurišić-Mladenović

Tomić

Pajin

et al. 2023

Hem Ind

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This work examines pressurized accelerated oxidation by a RapidOxy tester as an alternative method for determination of biodiesel oxidation stability. Sunflower oil-based biodiesel was synthesized and treated with antioxidants: tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) - a synthetic antioxidant known for its powerful protective effect, and a mixture of bio-based antioxidant compounds extracted from vinery waste, VWEeth. The antioxidant potency of TBHQ was evaluated at varying temperatures (110 - 140 ?C) and concentrations (250 - 2,000 mg dm-3) by the RapidOxy method; assessment of selected results was performed by comparison with relevant data obtained by the standard Rancimat method. VWEeth was added in two high dosages to biodiesel (87,500 and 150,000 mg dm-3) and analyzed at 140 ?C by the RapidOxy method. Both antioxidants at all applied dosages showed beneficial effects on improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel, but not all of the achieved improvements reached the stability minimum identified by the EN14214 standard. The lowest addition of TBHQ seemed to have a similar effect as the tested dosages of VWEeth but these additions did not increase the induction period above the limit of 8 h; two-fold higher quantity of TBHQ was successful in this respect, increasing the initial oxidation stability by a factor of about 2, which was determined by both methods. The RapidOxy method proved to be a very fast method suitable for testing a large number of samples, which is particularly important for efficient testing of different types and doses of antioxidants.

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