Improving Anammox start-up with bamboo charcoal

Enhancement of anammox performance by Cu(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) supplementation

“…Thus, the process has a very long startup time, preventing the anammox process from being directly translated to industrial applications (Strous et al, 1998;van der Star et al, 2007). To overcome this disadvantage, it is imperative that nutrient levels and environmental conditions be optimized to promote the growth of anammox bacteria (Zhang et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2012).…”

Fast start-up of the anammox process with addition of reduced graphene oxides

“…The start-up of the first full-scale anammox reactor took almost 3.5 years [4], indicating an emergent need to seek a faster start-up strategy for anammox process. During the past years, efforts to shorten start-up period generally aimed at selecting suitable reactor types [5,6], trying different kinds of seed sludge, and using different types of carriers [7,8], which were all shown their own 3 drawbacks and merits. Moreover, enhancing the activity of anammox bacteria and further accelerating the cell growth could be another way to shorten the start-up period of anammox process.…”

Enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria for short start-up of the anammox process: a review

“…Polyethene sponge carriers and bamboo charcoal are among the suitable carrier materials that are capable of preventing biomass washout and retaining stable immobilization of anammox bacteria [54,104,105]. According to previous studies, nonwoven materials have been demonstrated to be effective carrier materials for biomass retention in biological nitrogen removal through anammox [21,106].…”

“…The bamboo charcoal carrier has a large specific area for the adhesion of anammox bacteria and thus supports the growth of biofilms [105]. Moreover, bamboo charcoal is able to support the growth of the anammox biofilm due to (i) a good NH þ 4 adsorption capacity [107], (ii) a microporous structure that prevents oxygen penetration into the inlet zone [105] and (iii) by increasing the settling velocity of anammox and improving anammox retention [13,86,104,108]. The use of a down flow hanging sponge (DHS) carrier for anammox enrichment was reported to be applicable for retaining the high biomass and minerals in the sponge material.…”