Improvements on Permeation GDP Coatings for Resorcinol Formaldehyde Foam Shells for Cryogenic Experiments on OMEGA

Paguio, R. R.; Nikroo, A.; Saito, K. M.; Hund, J. F.; Castillo, E. R.; Ravelo, N.; Quan, K.

doi:10.13182/fst09-a7425

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…99 Using molds is also an effective method to form particularly complex shapes. [108][109][110] The most common method used for molding is photoinitiated free radical polymerization of a multifunctional acrylic monomer (such as TMPTA) and photo-initiator (benzoin methyl ether), all dissolved in a solvent with low vapor pressure at room temperature. By exposing this solution of monomer and initiator to UV light, free radicals generate uniformly in the bulk.…”

Section: B Molding Porous Materials Into Target Shapes Using Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Embedding objects in foam, a step-wise process 26,104 is deployed, while single step processes require a high viscosity precursor and rapid gelation is also possible. 110 The recent net-shape casting technique will open further investigation for the low density target, for example, an application for silica and ceramics has been investigated. 113 Another advantage of this technique is the homogeneous dispersion of micron size metal particulates in the foam medium.…”

Section: B Molding Porous Materials Into Target Shapes Using Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, to avoid this shrinkage, a rapid and simultaneous formation of the crosslinked structure is useful, and it is realized by adding huge amounts of crosslinking photo-initiators or multi-functional monomers. 110 …”

Section: B Molding Porous Materials Into Target Shapes Using Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Utilizing glues always has been a contentious issue in targets of this type, because commercial glues contain elements that could interfere with the results of the experiments. 110 Additionally, glue sometimes penetrates the pores in the porous structure and this leads to unpredictable density changes. Coating a film with foam is one effective way to overcome these problemx.…”

Section: F Membrane On the Porous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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This review describes and categorizes the synthesis and properties of low density porous materials, which are commonly referred to as foams and are utilized for laser plasma experiments. By focusing a high-power laser on a small target composed of these materials, high energy and density states can be produced. In the past decade or so, various new target fabrication techniques have been developed by many laboratories that use high energy lasers and consequently, many publications and reviews followed these developments. However, the emphasis so far has been on targets that did not utilize low density porous materials. This review therefore, attempts to redress this balance and endeavors to review low density materials used in laser plasma experiments in recent years. The emphasis of this review will be on aspects of low density materials that are of relevance to high energy laser plasma experiments. Aspects of low density materials such as densities, elemental compositions, macroscopic structures, nanostructures, and characterization of these materials will be covered. Also, there will be a brief mention of how these aspects affect the results in laser plasma experiments and the constrictions that these requirements put on the fabrication of low density materials relevant to this field. This review is written from the chemists' point of view to aid physicists and the new comers to this field.

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Section: B Molding Porous Materials Into Target Shapes Using Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Molding Porous Materials Into Target Shapes Using Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Molding Porous Materials Into Target Shapes Using Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F Membrane On the Porous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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“…Commercial fusion energy production will require ~1,000,000 fuel targets per day, per reactor vessel, at an estimated 5000x unit cost reduction to ~$0.20 5 . One design for viable IFE targets 6 , 7 ( ϕ 0.5 mm–4 mm), essentially comprise spherical shells (50–100 um wall thickness) of a low density (~250 mg/cm 3 ), with interconnected voids (each <1 um diameter), with extreme sphericity 8 (>99.9%, <50 nm roughness variation), and a high degree of concentricity (>99.0%). Within this shell, a precise quantity of smooth (Ra < 1 um RMS), frozen, and homogenous, deuterium-tritium matrix is ‘layered’ 9 – 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous and scalable polymer capsule processing for inertial fusion energy target shell fabrication using droplet microfluidics

Lindley-Start

Porch

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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High specification, polymer capsules, to produce inertial fusion energy targets, were continuously fabricated using surfactant-free, inertial centralisation, and ultrafast polymerisation, in a scalable flow reactor. Laser-driven, inertial confinement fusion depends upon the interaction of high-energy lasers and hydrogen isotopes, contained within small, spherical and concentric target shells, causing a nuclear fusion reaction at ~150 M°C. Potentially, targets will be consumed at ~1 M per day per reactor, demanding a 5000x unit cost reduction to ~$0.20, and is a critical, key challenge. Experimentally, double emulsions were used as templates for capsule-shells, and were formed at 20 Hz, on a fluidic chip. Droplets were centralised in a dynamic flow, and their shapes both evaluated, and mathematically modeled, before subsequent shell solidification. The shells were photo-cured individually, on-the-fly, with precisely-actuated, millisecond-length (70 ms), uniform-intensity UV pulses, delivered through eight, radially orchestrated light-pipes. The near 100% yield rate of uniform shells had a minimum 99.0% concentricity and sphericity, and the solidification processing period was significantly reduced, over conventional batch methods. The data suggest the new possibility of a continuous, on-the-fly, IFE target fabrication process, employing sequential processing operations within a continuous enclosed duct system, which may include cryogenic fuel-filling, and shell curing, to produce ready-to-use IFE targets.

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Fabrication of disk-shaped, deuterated resorcinol/formaldehyde foam target for laser–plasma experiments

Kaneyasu

Nagai

Cadatal-Raduban

et al. 2021

High Pow Laser Sci Eng

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Resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) foam resin is an attractive material as a low-density target in high-power laser–plasma experiments because of its fine network structure, transparency in the visible region, and low-Z element (hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen) composition. In this study, we developed disk-shaped RF foam and deuterated RF foam targets with 40–200 μm thickness and approximately 100 mg/cm3 density having a network structure from 100 nm to a few micrometers cell size. By deuteration, the polymerization rate was drastically slowed down owing to kinetic isotope effects. These targets were used in high-power laser experiments where a megaelectronvolt proton beam was successfully generated.

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Improvements on Permeation GDP Coatings for Resorcinol Formaldehyde Foam Shells for Cryogenic Experiments on OMEGA

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

Continuous and scalable polymer capsule processing for inertial fusion energy target shell fabrication using droplet microfluidics

Fabrication of disk-shaped, deuterated resorcinol/formaldehyde foam target for laser–plasma experiments

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