Improvements in the Design of a Laboratory Culture Vessel

Elsworth, R.; Capell, G. H.; Telling, R. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1958.tb00118.x

Cited by 47 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For larger scale experiments fermentors with a working capacity of 4 1 or 10 1 were used. These incorporated the principles described by Chain, Yalladino, Ugolino, Callow & der Sluis (1954), Elsworth, Meakin, Pirt & Capell (1956) and Elsworth, Capell & Telling (1958). The body of the fermentor consisted of a Pyrex glass cylinder closed at the top and bottom by stainless steel plates carrying the necessary connections for temperature, control, inlet and exit of air, addition of nutrients, stirring and sampling.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting the Growth and Fat Formation of Rhodotorula gracilis

Allen

Barnard

Fleming

et al. 1964

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Summary: The vitamin requirements of Rhodotorula gracilis are satisfied by inclusion in the growth medium of pantothenic acid and thiamine. For maximum growth in the particular medium and with the size of inoculum used in our experiments a concentration of about 10 μg of pantothenate/1 was sufficient but for rapid early growth a higher concentration was beneficial. Pantothenic acid can be replaced by β‐alanine but maximum growth response then occurs only in the presence of asparagine. Either ammonium sulphate or urea provides a suitable source of nitrogen for growth of the organism. Shake flask experiments with a synthetic medium showed that a solution containing only glucose and phosphate was adequate for fattening, that wide limits in pH value (e.g. 4–8) were permissible and that the rate and efficiency of fat production were not affected by large differences in the concentration of sugar. Provided sugar was still present in the medium a progressive decrease in the percentage of protein was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the percentage of fat in the yeast. When aeration was prolonged beyond the point at which all the sugar was exhausted, this trend was reversed. The fat produced during fattening had a lower iodine value than that produced during normal growth. Only a small proportion of the fat in Rh. gracilis is in the free condition and extractable by direct treatment with a simple solvent. Preliminary hydrolysis with hot HCl is necessary for quantitative release of the fat. Refinery cane molasses provides a suitable source of sugar both for growth and for fattening of Rh. gracilis. Growth in a fermentor with incremental feeding, under conditions of high aeration and rapid stirring, gave a yield of dry yeast equivalent to 52–54% of the sugar consumed; the doubling time during the logarithmic growth phase was 3 h. Aeration of Rh. gracilis in a phosphate‐molasses medium resulted in a rapid consumption of sugar during the whole period of aeration. This was accompanied by an increase in the weight of yeast, accounted for by an increase in all constituents—fat, carbohydrate, mineral matter and a small amount of protein formed from the residual nitrogen carried over from the growth medium. Since much more fat than protein was produced the percentage of fat in the yeast rose and the percentage of protein fell. The proportion of carbohydrate in the cell was subject to some fluctuation. Under certain conditions it appears that the reserves of carbohydrate may be drawn upon to provide energy for fat formation, resulting in an actual destruction of cellular carbohydrate. The proportion of sugar converted to fat rose to a maximum between c. 14–23 h and then rapidly declined. For a short period a fat coefficient of over 40% was attained in one experiment. Thereafter conversion was relatively inefficient, a small quantity of fat being produced from the consumption of a large quantity of sugar.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting the Growth and Fat Formation of Rhodotorula gracilis

Allen

Barnard

Fleming

et al. 1964

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…A 3 1 glass (Elsworth et al 1958) or a 150 1 stainless steel fermenter stirred by a 7 in diam. 16 blade disc turbine impeller at 520 rev/min were used for batch cultures.…”

Section: Fermentersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Candida utilis on Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Potato Waste

Moreton

1978

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Attempts to grow mixed cultures of Endomycopsis fibuligera and Candida utilis on waste material obtained from a potato processing plant were only partially successful; poor amylase production by Endomycopsis resulted in slow growth of the Candida. There was extensive conversion of starch to glucose when waste, which had been treated with a high speed shear/disintegrator, was hydrolyzed by industrial amylases derived from Aspergillus niger and Bacillus licheniformis. Growth of C. utilis on the separated liquid phase of the hydrolysate, supplemented with inorganic nitrogen, proceeded normally; the yields and growth rates were similar to those obtained with conventional substrates.

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“…Pilot-plant-scale work was done on a 2-3 1. batch/continuous fermentor of the type described by the Porton group (Elsworth, Meakin, Pirt and Capell, 1956;Elsworth, Capell and Telling, 1958). I n large-scale experiments the temperature was controlled a t 25"C, and aeration was achieved by stirring and passing air so that the level obtained was equivalent to a sulphite oxidation of 170 mmoles/l./h (Elsworth, Williams and Harris-Smith, 1957).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small‐scale studies of microbiological oxidation of hydrocarbons to long‐chain fatty acids

Lnday

Donald

1961

Biotechnol. Bioeng.

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S u m m r y . Several strains of Pseudomonas, Nocurdia and incompletely identified soil isolates have been grown in a mineral salts plus hydrocarbon medium, and the fatty acids produced by the organisms have been isolated, identified and estimated. The results of an estimation of the percentage conversion to these acids under varying experimental conditions is discussed in relation to the metabolic systems involved. Some indication has been obtained that the hydrocarbon breakdown pathway by these organisms is that of w oxidation followed by / 3 oxidation. Preliminary experiments carried out with one strain of organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5940, indicate that there may be some difference in the utilization of odd-and evenchain hydrocarbons by this organism. An improvement of 3-8-fold was obtained by using nitrate instead of ammonium nitrogen ; 13-fold by using continuous instead of batch operation; and 8-fold by the use of liquid instead of solid paraffins, giving a total improvement of yield of 400-fold.

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Improvements in the Design of a Laboratory Culture Vessel

Abstract: SUMMARY: The application of a radial mechanical shaft seal, and other improvements to a 2–3 1. capacity culture vessel, are described.

Cited by 47 publications

References 2 publications

Factors Affecting the Growth and Fat Formation of Rhodotorula gracilis

Factors Affecting the Growth and Fat Formation of Rhodotorula gracilis

Growth of Candida utilis on Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Potato Waste

Small‐scale studies of microbiological oxidation of hydrocarbons to long‐chain fatty acids

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