Improvements in Cardiovascular Risk Profile with Large-Volume Liposuction: A Pilot Study

Abstract

There is general agreement that when discussing surgery with the prospective rhinoplasty patient, one may also include discussion of the chin because of the important interrelationship between these two regions. It is apparent that on the profile-lateral view, the four prominences-the forehead, nose, chin, and neck-balance and complement one another. The cervical region, the fourth dimension, was examined to estimate the aesthetic significance of the nasal-to-cervical relationship and to determine the implications to rhinoplasty surgery. Part I of the study was a survey to test the hypothesis that the cervical region affects the perceived impression of the nose. Four standard facial-profile black-and-white photographs were chosen to represent varying degrees of nasal dorsum hump and cervical ptosis problems. Using computer-altering software, only the cervical regions were altered to create a pair of photographs for each of the four profiles: one with a youthful-looking non-ptotic cervical region, the other with a ptotic aged-looking cervical region. Raters were asked to give their first-impression opinions of which nose subjectively appeared "better." Raters consistently (84 percent of the time) chose the nose on the faces with the less ptotic neck as being better. Therefore, a less ptotic neck improved the perceived appearance of the nose. Part II was a retrospective chart review of the rhinoplasty patients of a single surgeon by independent raters. To estimate the aesthetic significance of the nasal-to-cervical relationship, the proportion of patients undergoing rhinoplasty surgery who could have potentially benefited from a youth-restoring neck procedure was determined. Criteria originally described by Ellenbogen and Karlin for judging the results of youth-restoring neck procedures were used as relative indications for neck surgery. An average of 27.2 percent of the patients did not have visible criteria and therefore by definition had relative indications for neck-rejuvenating procedures when undergoing rhinoplasty surgery. As demonstrated in part I of the study, improving the neck could improve the perceived results of the rhinoplasty. Part III of the study validated the Ellenbogen and Karlin criteria. The present authors found that the original criteria were probably based on female patients, that male and older patients had more indications for surgery, and that there was significant interrater agreement with the youthful criteria. In summary, the authors established that a strong nasal-to-cervical relationship exists whereby the perceived appearance of the nose is affected by the neck. The significance of this relationship to rhinoplasty surgery was determined, and it was found that more than 27 percent of rhinoplasty patients could obtain better perceived nasal results with a concomitant neck-rejuvenating procedure. Consequently, discussing neck-rejuvenating procedures with the rhinoplasty patient is valuable.

Adipose tissue distribution and risk of metabolic disease: does thiazolidinedione-induced adipose tissue redistribution provide a clue to the answer?

“…Recently, several attempts have been made to improve the metabolic profile of obese subjects by surgically removing certain quantities of subcutaneous or omental fat [53][54][55][56][57][58]. However, the outcomes of these studies have been inconsistent.…”

“…However, the outcomes of these studies have been inconsistent. Removal of a large volume of abdominal subcutaneous fat has yielded improved [54][55][56], unchanged [57] or deteriorated [58] carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Although promising long-term improvements in fasting plasma glucose and insulin, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity have been reported by a study that combined omentectomy with adjustable gastric banding, the metabolic benefits that may have been provided by the reduction of visceral fat may be complemented by the potential reduction in average adipose cell size and, hence the fat mass of all the depots, through the gastric banding [53,59].…”

Lower body adipose tissue removal decreases glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice with exposure to high fat diet

“…[10][11][12][13][14] It has been proposed that lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue (LBSAT) functions as a "metabolic sink," storing lipids that might otherwise lead to disturbances in nonadipose tissues. 15 Although metabolic outcomes associated with LBSAT removal in humans have been investigated, [16][17][18][19][20] the "metabolic sink" postulate has not been systematically examined, in part, due to inherent experimental limitations in humans. Large volume reduction of LBSAT, via liposuction, does not alter insulin sensitivity or circulating markers of inflammation in humans.…”

“…21 The lack of effect following liposuction, however, may be related to the fact that subjects were morbidly obese prior to and after the procedure. Other studies that have either concluded that liposuction was with 19,20 or without effect [16][17][18] were also confounded by wide variations in BMI (24 to 50), age (18-50 C years), duration of study (12 weeks to years) and amount of adipose tissue removed (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). [16][17][18][19][20] Although liposuction/lipectomy remains a useful tool to evaluate the role of LBSAT in relation to metabolic abnormalities, human data remains inconsistent due, in part, to variability in experimental approach and study populations.…”

The Impact of Large-Volume Liposuction on Serum Lipids in Orientals: A Pilot Study

“…From Sharon GieseÕs excellent work on large-volume liposuction patientÕs it is clear that removing a significant amount of body fat by any means will beneficially modulate the metabolic parameters [1,2].…”