Improvements in Automated Derivation of Owl Ontologies From Geospatial Uml Models

Abstract

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Standards from ISO/TC 211 are the foundation for modelling a universe of discourse in a geospatial context. UML models based on the standards, and in particular based on the UML profile defined in ISO 19103, have been developed and implemented in applications and databases for a wide range of geospatial information, from international to national and agency level. Amounts of information has been collected, maintained and made available based on the models, but mainly through specific services and exchange formats for geospatial information. To make the models and the information available in The Semantic Web, the geospatial UML models need to be transformed from UML to OWL ontologies, and the information needs to be transformed from UML-based structures to RDF triples. This paper investigates methods for transforming UML models of geospatial information to OWL ontologies, identifies challenges, suggest improvements and identifies needs for further research. Several methods for automated transformation from geospatial UML models to OWL handle basic concepts, but some concepts and context-closed restrictions from UML cannot be directly transformed to the open world of The Semantic Web. None of the analysed methods handles all of these issues, and suggested improvements include combining and improving transformation rules, as well as modifications in the UML models. To what degree and how these issues need to be handled will depend on whether the scope of the ontologies is to simply present geospatial information on The Semantic Web, or if they shall be used in a bidirectional information exchange.</p>

Excessive Internet Use and Its Hours Usage Control among Indonesian Students in China

“…It replaces the basic needs in human life as Maslow pyramid theory [29]. the total number of worldwide Internet users worldwide from 2005 to 2018 was 3.9 billion [7] and January 2019, as of the measured period, approximately 4.4 billion people have active on the Internet either 3.5 billion were social media users.…”

“…Everyday people need it to support their work, study, business, and relationship. The total number of worldwide internet users worldwide from 2005 to 2018 was 3.9 billion and January 2019 as of the measured period, almost 4.4 billion people were active internet users, and 3.5 billion were social media users [7]. Principally, Asia has the highest number of Internet users in the world, approximately 922.3 million, representing 44% share of the world's Internet user population, according to data by Internet World Stats.…”

Adapted Rules for UML Modelling of Geospatial Information for Model-Driven Implementation as OWL Ontologies

“…This article presents novel research continued from the study presented in [1]. Geospatial information is a vital part of the knowledge about real-world features and events.…”

“…Fundamental differences that are essential for conversions between UML and OWL were pointed out in our state-of-the-art study presented in [1]. One fundamental difference in modelling approaches is the assumption of an open or closed world.…”

“…The state-of-the-art study of conversions from geospatial UML models to OWL ontologies presented in [1] was extended for this article with work described in additional sources and more detailed analysis of conversion rules. The main source of the studies is the conversion rules defined in ISO 19150, part 2 [35].…”