Improvement on fire behaviour of water blown PIR–PUR foams: use of an halogen-free flame retardant

Modesti, Michele; Lorenzetti, Alessandra

doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00198-2

Cited by 105 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The urethane linkage is formed as a result of the reaction between the isocyanate groups with the hydroxyl groups from polyol [14,17]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous publications include a wide range of quantities of the fillers in polyurethane foams, from 1 up to 40 wt% [1,3,10,14]. Following a review of the literature and considering the limits in the preparation of the polyol mixture with fillers (a high quantity of filler produces a high viscosity of the mixture), it was decided to initially use the following amounts of fillers: FPF ?…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They give relatively good results, but they are quite expensive. In recent years, EG has been the subject of studies related to lowering the flammability of polymer materials [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. EG is a product of natural origin that has specific properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of heating above 150-200°C occurs the large volume expansion (about 250 times) of EG (it is formed expanded graphite), according to redox reaction between H 2 SO 4 and graphite. The blowing gases are formed according to the reaction [10,12,14]:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies indicate that the addition of EG may favourably affect the flammability reduction of polyurethanes [10,14]. The greatest advantage of this material is its low price, which great reduces expenses in industrial production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal and mechanical behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams modified with graphite and phosphorous fillers

2012

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Flexible polyurethane foams (FPF) are polymer materials that have high flammability. Fyrol PNX (FPNX) and expandable graphite (EG), have been used to modify the properties of these materials. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of improving the thermal stability and flame retardancy of FPF by the addition of FPNX and EG fillers. The prepared foams were characterised by their apparent density, hardness, flexibility, irreversible strain and linear flammability, as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) measurements. The apparent density, hardness, flexibility and irreversible strain results showed that the addition of graphite and phosphorous fillers to the FPF makes slight changes to the mechanical properties, which remain within the acceptable norms. It was also observed that reducing the amount of Fyrol PNX and replacing it with the same amount of EG allowed similar values of linear flammability to be obtained with a simultaneous increase in thermal stability, as shown in the TGA study and the PCFC test. Moreover, it was found that the modification of flexible polyurethane foam by the addition of a mixture of FPNX and EG fillers allows the best properties of this type of materials to be obtained. This result indicates that this type of modification could be an effective way to improve the thermal stability of FPF.

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“…The urethane linkage is formed as a result of the reaction between the isocyanate groups with the hydroxyl groups from polyol [14,17]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Thermal and mechanical behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams modified with graphite and phosphorous fillers

2012

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Dependence of flame‐retardant properties on density of expandable graphite filled rigid polyurethane foam

Bian

Tang

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

125

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Different density rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) filled with various expandable graphite loadings were fabricated by cast molding. The flame retardant properties of these composites were assessed by limiting oxygen index and horizontal and vertical burning tests. The results showed that the flame retardant efficiency got better with increase in the foam density at the fixed EG weight percent or with increase in the EG weight percent at the fixed foam density. After burning, the low density (0.065 g/cm 3 ) pure burned RPUF produced the highly collapsed and carbonized material, while the high density (0.510 g/cm 3 ) pure RPUF had little change in size and had reduced destruction of the material. Moreover, the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation showed that the higher density EG/RPUF composites had a more compact outer layer (burned layer) after burned, in which more wormlike materials composed of expanded graphite particles appeared. In addition, higher foam density led to less plastic deformation in the interface layer between the burned and the inside layers. These results indicated that a weight percent of a flame retardant additive that achieves satisfactory flame retardancy for a certain density foam cannot effectively be applied for another density foam.

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Flame retardancy of hollow glass microsphere/rigid polyurethane foams in the presence of expandable graphite

Bian

Tang

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) filled with various loadings of expandable graphite (EG) or/and hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were prepared by cast molding. The flame retardant properties of these composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal and vertical burning tests. The composite with 10 wt % HGM and 20 wt % EG had the best flame retardant properties, and its LOI value reached 30 vol %. The addition of an appropriate loading of HGM improved the compressive strength and modulus of RPUF and EG/RPUF. When the HGM content arrived at 10 wt %, the compressive strength and modulus of the composites reached the maximum value. The dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the addition of EG and HGM made the glass transition temperature shift to a higher temperature, and 10 wt % EG and 10 wt % HGM filled RPUF had the highest storage modulus. The scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation indicates that the additives led to the decrease in the cell size. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism, the thermal properties, the burned surfaces and the interface surfaces were elucidated.

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Improvement on fire behaviour of water blown PIR–PUR foams: use of an halogen-free flame retardant

Cited by 105 publications

References 6 publications

Thermal and mechanical behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams modified with graphite and phosphorous fillers

Thermal and mechanical behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams modified with graphite and phosphorous fillers

Dependence of flame‐retardant properties on density of expandable graphite filled rigid polyurethane foam

Flame retardancy of hollow glass microsphere/rigid polyurethane foams in the presence of expandable graphite

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