“…Recent investigations into metal biomaterials have progressively shifted their focus towards innovative reconstructive procedures for hard tissues and organs. Examples include the application of nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy in vascular stents and [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] ], and the exploration of novel magnesium (Mg)-based alloys for advancements in bone tissue engineering and regeneration [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ]. The design and selection of metallic implants depend on their specific medical applications.…”