Improvement of photocatalytic activity in the degradation of 4-chlorophenol and phenol in aqueous medium using tin-modified TiO₂ photocatalysts

Abstract

The Sn1T was synthesized for photodegradation of phenolic compounds.

The Effect of Ga Incorporation in TiO2/SnO2 Nanoparticle‐Decorated Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Composite as Precious‐Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electro‐Reduction

“…The incorporation of Sn and Ti also increases the redox potential and improve catalytic activity. This results from the decrease in the band gap (Eg) resulting from the incorporation of Sn into the TiO 2 lattice due to their similar ionic radius of 0.605 Å and 0.609 Å for Ti 4+ and Sn 4+ respectively [38] . As observed from XPS, the absence of the metal Sn (Sn 0 ) suggests that Sn 4+ can be incorporated into the lattice of TiO 2 by substituting Ti 4+ .…”

“…This substitution results in a substantial lattice distortions due to the slight differences in the ionic radius of Sn 4+ (0.609 Å) and Ti 4+ (0.605 Å), resulting in the formation of metal vacancies (V Ti ) in addition to the common oxygen vacancies (V O ), showing p‐type conductivity [37] . In addition, the Sn ions generates energetic states, interfacial interaction and oxygen vacancy for O 2 adsorption during electrocatalysis [38] . The HZSM‐5 support material plays a role of the Bronsted acid due to the ability of the silanol groups (Si‐OH 2 + ) to donate protons at high pH [39] .…”

“…This results from the decrease in the band gap (Eg) resulting from the incorporation of Sn into the TiO 2 lattice due to their similar ionic radius of 0.605 Å and 0.609 Å for Ti 4 + and Sn 4 + respectively. [38] As observed from XPS, the absence of the metal Sn (Sn 0 ) suggests that Sn 4 + can be incorporated into the lattice of TiO 2 by substituting Ti 4 + . This substitution results in a substantial lattice distortions due to the slight differences in the ionic radius of Sn 4 + (0.609 Å) and Ti 4 + (0.605 Å), resulting in the formation of metal vacancies (V Ti ) in addition to the common oxygen vacancies (V O ), showing p-type conductivity.…”

“…[37] In addition, the Sn ions generates energetic states, interfacial interaction and oxygen vacancy for O 2 adsorption during electrocatalysis. [38] The HZSM-5 support material plays a role of the Bronsted acid due to the ability of the silanol groups (Si-OH 2…”