Improvement of Management of Rhagoletis Cerasi in Bosnia and Herzegovina Based on a Phenological Model

Abstract

European cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) is the most important pest of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) in Europe. It is a univoltine oligophagous species (Wiesmann, 1933) that attacks also sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) and mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb). It overwinters in a cocoon buried in soil at depth 2-5 cm. Its life cycle is closely adapted to the phenology of host plants. Adults emerge in spring but a portion of the population remains in diapause for 2 or 3 years to prevent population extinction in case of failure of host plants to fruit. After emergence, adults feed on carbohydrates, proteins and water, usually on cherry plants, and maturation to development of gonads is temperature dependent. After mating, females insert a single egg by means of an ovipositor under the skin of young fruit. In order to avoid multiple oviposition within the same fruit and larval competition, during oviposition the female leaves a water soluble pheromone recognised by other females (Katsoyannos, 1975). After embryonic development, freshly hatched larva move to the cherry pit. During the development, the larvae tunnel fruit and feed on fruit tissue. The larvae mature around harvest, and exit through a hole in the fruit skin to pupate in the soil (Daniel and Grunder, 2012).

Old residents and new arrivals ofRhagoletisspecies in Europe

“…Even though, Rhagoletis fruit flies are primarily univoltine (having one generation per year), some species may have a partial second generation or even exhibit long-life cycles through prolonged pupal dormancy (Moraiti et al , 2014; Moraiti & Papadopoulos, 2017). Despite the huge economic losses regarding fruit and nut production (>80%), in case of unmanaged Rhagoletis populations, development of effective and environmentally friendly control methods remains a challenge (Kovanci & Kovanci, 2006; Daniel & Grunder, 2012; Daniel & Baker, 2013; Daniel et al , 2014; Nježić et al , 2017; Verheggen et al , 2017; Florian et al , 2018). In addition, the potential hybridization events among native and invasive Rhagoletis species in European habitats could result in unpredictable pest dynamics in the area (Johannesen et al , 2013).…”

BIOECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHERRY FLY Rhagoletis cerasi (L. 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae) DEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA

“…На необработанных насаждениях степень поврежденности плодов постоянно нарастает и достигает 70-75 %. По данным литературы, при отсутствии защитных мероприятий поврежденность плодов может достигать 100 % (27,28).…”

“…Кратковременное повышение среднесуточной температуры выше 7 С могло чередоваться с резким понижением (ниже 0 С) на длительное время, что не способствовало устойчивому развитию куколки. Поэтому расчет СЭТ выше 5 или 7 С, принятый в Южной, Западной и Центральной Европе (1,28,37,38), в нашей зоне менее пригоден и демонстрирует значительно большее колебание по годам (от 58,7 до 132,2 С) по сравнению с СЭТ выше 10 С (от 26,6 до 76,7 С) (рис. 1).…”