“…The energy transfer efficiency is the ratio of the charging and discharging capacity in the electrochemical reaction cycle of a battery. Recently, a sinusoidal ripple current (SRC) charging method has been proposed as a feasible solution for better charging performance with minimum battery ac impedance Z min [18], [19]. The experimental results in [18] show that, compared with the conventional CC charging method, the charging time, energy transfer efficiency, maximum rising temperature, and lifetime of the Li-ion battery in the SRC test have been improved by about 17%, 1.9%, 45.8%, and 16.1%, respectively.…”