Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper

Musso, Didier; Roche, Claudine; Marfel, Maria; Bel, Martin; Nilles, Eric J.; Cao-Lormeau, Van-Mai

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.002

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The use of filter papers was implemented in remote Pacific countries to improve the surveillance of dengue fever (356). This protocol is now routinely used by the Institut Louis Malardé, French Polynesia, in collaboration with the WHO to confirm arbovirus outbreaks (DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV) (21) and leptospirosis (357,358) in the Pacific (Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation).…”

Section: Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus

2016

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SUMMARYZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genusFlavivirusand the familyFlaviviridae. ZIKV was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in Africa, and ZIKV infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the Pacific and the Americas. ZIKV is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The clinical presentation of Zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especially those due to arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya. ZIKV infection was associated with only mild illness prior to the large French Polynesian outbreak in 2013 and 2014, when severe neurological complications were reported, and the emergence in Brazil of a dramatic increase in severe congenital malformations (microcephaly) suspected to be associated with ZIKV. Laboratory diagnosis of Zika fever relies on virus isolation or detection of ZIKV-specific RNA. Serological diagnosis is complicated by cross-reactivity among members of theFlavivirusgenus. The adaptation of ZIKV to an urban cycle involving humans and domestic mosquito vectors in tropical areas where dengue is endemic suggests that the incidence of ZIKV infections may be underestimated. There is a high potential for ZIKV emergence in urban centers in the tropics that are infested with competent mosquito vectors such asAedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus.

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Section: Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus

2016

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“…The annual incidence of leptospirosis in FP range from 30 to 55 per 100,000, with one to four fatal cases per year [8,9]. The incidence of leptospirosis in the Pacific region is not well-documented, mainly due to a lack of diagnostic facilities [10,11]. In addition, leptospirosis is sometimes misdiagnosed as other infections, especially arbovirus infections [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundLeptospirosis is a highly endemic bacterial zoonosis in French Polynesia (FP). Nevertheless, data on the epidemiology of leptospirosis in FP are scarce. We conducted molecular studies on Leptospira isolated from humans and the potential main animal reservoirs in order to identify the most likely sources for human infection.Methodology/Principal findingsWild rats (n = 113), farm pigs (n = 181) and domestic dogs (n = 4) were screened for Leptospira infection in Tahiti, the most populated island in FP. Positive samples were genotyped and compared to Leptospira isolated from human cases throughout FP (n = 51), using secY, 16S and LipL32 sequencing, and MLST analysis. Leptospira DNA was detected in 20.4% of rats and 26.5% of pigs. We identified two Leptospira species and three sequence types (STs) in animals and humans: Leptospira interrogans ST140 in pigs only and L. interrogans ST17 and Leptospira borgpetersenii ST149 in humans and rats. Overall, L. interrogans was the dominant species and grouped into four clades: one clade including a human case only, two clades including human cases and dogs, and one clade including human cases and rats. All except one pig sample showed a unique L. interrogans (secY) genotype distinct from those isolated from humans, rats and dogs. Moreover, LipL32 sequencing allowed the detection of an additional Leptospira genotype in pigs, clearly distinct from the previous ones.Conclusions/SignificanceOur data confirm rats as a major potential source for human leptospirosis in FP. By contrast to what was expected, farm pigs did not seem to be a major reservoir for the Leptospira genotypes identified in human patients. Thus, further investigations will be required to determine their significance in leptospirosis transmission in FP.

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“…and CHIKV detection from blood by real time PCR using commercial kits for CHIKV (RealStar ® CHIKV, Altona Diagnostics) and primers and probes previously reported for Leptospira spp. [9] . Both patients tested negative for DENV by reverse transcription PCR [10] .…”

Section: Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal leptospirosis and chikungunya co-infection: Do not forget leptospirosis during chikungunya outbreaks

Nhan

Bonnieux

Rovery

et al. 2016

IDCases

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In endemic areas, leptospirosis can be missed by erroneous clinical or laboratory diagnosis of arboviroses or co-infections with arboviruses and an increase in mortality due to leptospirosis has already been reported during arboviruses outbreaks. During the French Polynesian chikungunya virus outbreak in 2014–2015, two leptospirosis and chikungunya co-infections were reported, one of which was fatal. Diagnosis of leptospiroses was delayed in the context of chikungunya outbreak. In the context of arbovirus outbreak, the risk of misdiagnosis of leptospirosis is maximum and clinicians should initiate early antibiotic therapy if leptospirosis is suspected. A delayed diagnosis of leptospirosis can be responsible for fatal outcome. Leptospirosis should be considered even if dengue or chikungunya virus infections are confirmed by reference molecular testing

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Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Zika Virus

Zika Virus

Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia

Fatal leptospirosis and chikungunya co-infection: Do not forget leptospirosis during chikungunya outbreaks

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