“…In particular, the drastic weight loss seen with gastric bypass has resulted in T2DM remission and improvements in IR (fasting insulin, ratio of triglycerides to HDL), β-cell function, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and adults with T2DM. 236,261 In addition, IR (assessed by steady-state plasma glucose) was the sole independent predictor of endothelial dysfunction in adults with T2DM as assessed by flow-mediated dilation, and pioglitazone treatment improved endothelial function, which significantly correlated with improved IR. 262 In summary, mechanisms underlying IR in T1DM and T2DM may differ, and new methods to improve IR in pediatric diabetes mellitus are critically needed.…”