Improvement of Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise Training in Older People

Giallauria, Francesco; Forno, Domenico Del; Pilerci, Francesco; Lorenzo, Anna De; Manakos, Athanasio; Lucci, Rosa; Vigorito, Carlo

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00479_4.x

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In previous cross-sectional studies, trained athletes exhibited increased heart rate recovery after exercise (30) and an increase in the parasympathetic indexes of resting heart rate variability (20, 54) compared with sedentary controls. Longitudinal studies confirm that participation in aerobic exercise training programs increases parasympathetic indexes of resting heart rate variability and heart rate recovery (23,26,36,40,57,58). Accordingly, we anticipated that increased parasympathetic tone in our trained subjects (14) would be associated with increased synaptic levels of acetylcholine and therefore would provide more abundant substrate for pyridostigmine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes

Dewland¹,

Androne²,

Lee³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Dewland TA, Androne AS, Lee FA, Lampert RJ, Katz SD. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H86-H92, 2007. First published February 23, 2007 doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01339.2006.-Heart rate variability and postexercise heart rate recovery are used to assess cardiac parasympathetic tone in human studies, but in some cases these indexes appear to yield discordant information. We utilized pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that selectively augments the parasympathetic efferent signal, to further characterize parasympathetic regulation of rest and postexercise heart rate. We measured time-and frequency-domain indexes of resting heart rate variability and postexercise heart rate recovery in 10 sedentary adults and 10 aerobically trained athletes after a single oral dose of pyridostigmine (30 mg) and matching placebo in randomized, doubleblind, crossover trial. In sedentary adults, pyridostigmine decreased resting heart rate [from 66.7 (SD 12.6) to 58.1 beats/min (SD 7.6), P ϭ 0.005 vs. placebo] and increased postexercise heart rate recovery at 1 min [from 40.7 (SD 10.9) to 45.1 beats/min (SD 8.8), P ϭ 0.02 vs. placebo]. In trained athletes, pyridostigmine did not change resting heart rate or postexercise heart rate recovery when compared with placebo. Time-and frequency-domain indexes of resting heart rate variability did not differ after pyridostigmine versus placebo in either cohort and were not significantly associated with postexercise heart rate recovery in either cohort. The divergent effects of pyridostigmine on resting and postexercise measures of cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary subjects confirm that these measures characterize distinct aspects of cardiac parasympathetic regulation. The lesser effect of pyridostigmine on either measure of cardiac parasympathetic tone in the trained athletes indicates that the enhanced parasympathetic tone associated with exercise training is at least partially attributable to adaptations in the efferent parasympathetic pathway. heart rate variability; heart rate recovery; parasympathetic nervous system; exercise RESTING HEART RATE VARIABILITY and postexercise heart rate recovery are used in human studies to assess cardiac parasympathetic tone (1,30,47). The high-frequency (HF) component of resting heart rate variability quantifies short-term changes in heart rate caused by the effects of central and peripheral respiratory reflexes on vagal efferent activity during a resting steady state with low sympathetic activation (1). Postexercise heart rate recovery assesses the complex interaction of baroreceptor and central command signals that mediate a rapid deceleration of heart rate in the setting of autonomic flux, profound exercise-induced sympathetic stimulation, and high minute ventilation (30).Parasympathetic efferent control of heart rate is ultimately mediated by cholinergic signaling at the sinoatrial node. Acetyl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes

Dewland¹,

Androne²,

Lee³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…1,13,17 Based on these findings there appears to be empirical evidence that an increase in HRR occurs when the training status or (physiological) fitness improves in healthy individuals.…”

Section: Specific Outcomes (Above-average Physically Active Adolescenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since participation of the elderly in athletic events has become more common, it is interesting to include the study of Giallauria et al 13 in this review. This study shows significant improvements in VO 2max and HRR after 8 weeks of training in elderly subjects.…”

Section: Longitudinal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review on Heart-Rate Recovery to Monitor Changes in Training Status in Athletes

Daanen¹,

Lamberts²,

Kallen³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

190

152

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Heart-rate recovery (HRR) can be defined as the rate at which heart rate declines, usually within minutes after the cessation of physical exercise. [1][2][3] The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates both the initial increase in heart rate after the start of physical activity and the decrease in heart rate immediately after physical activity ends. The ANS is composed of a parasympathetic and a sympathetic branch that operate in a reciprocal and inverse manner: An increase in heart rate is caused by an increase in sympathetic activity combined with decreased parasympathetic drive, whereas HRR is characterized by parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal. [3][4][5][6][7] Cardiac output is adjusted during exercise based on the metabolic demand. The regulation occurs by intrinsic autoregulation of cardiac pumping (the so-called Frank-Starling law of the heart) and by sympathetic activation and parasympathetic deactivation, which increases heart rate and the contraction force of mainly the left ventricle. 8 Increased sympathetic activity combined with parasympathetic withdrawal (eg, during exercise) leads to reduced skin blood flow and increased blood flow to the muscles. 9 When the exercise stops, cardiac output is reduced by intrinsic autoregulation (by the ANS), more specifically by parasympathetic nervous system reactivation and inhibition of sympathetic impulses.Although it is well documented that changes in HRR coincide well with changes in training status in patient populations, 10 to our knowledge a systematic review on the use of HRR in athletes is missing. HRR may be an indicator of fitness, which is currently generally expressed in terms of VO 2max or VO 2peak , the maximum oxygen uptake during exhaustive exercise. Although VO 2max has a strong relationship with training status in a general population, it loses its predictive value for aerobic performance in already well-trained and elite athletes. 2 In addition, the typical error of measurement of VO 2max is relatively high, which makes VO 2max unreliable to monitor training changes over time. 2 In contrast, parameters such as HRR, peak power output, and/or peak treadmill running speed have lower typical errors of measurements, which makes them more sensitive to detect changes in training status.Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the use of HRR in athletes to track long-term changes in training status. Methods Data SourcesAn electronic literature search was performed in the digital databases of Scopus, EMBASE, and PubMed. The search terms used were a combination of heart/pulse rate(s), recovery/deceleration, (physical) exercise, and health(y) subjects/population. This search yielded 90 scientific articles (see Figure 1). Heart-rate recovery (HRR) has been proposed as a marker of autonomic function and training status in athletes. The authors performed a systematic review of studies that examined HRR after training. Five cross-sectional studies and 8 studies investigating changes over time (longitudinal)...

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“…There are reports in the literature that middle-aged and elderly individuals have delayed HR recovery after exercise test, when compared to young individuals 19,20 and that HRR measures are directly related to the level of aerobic fitness 21,22 . Furthermore, healthy trained individuals have a faster post-exercise HRR than sedentary controls 20,23,24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efeitos da idade e da aptidão aeróbica na recuperação da frequência cardíaca em homens adultos

Trevizani

Benchimol-Barbosa

Nadal

2012

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

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Improvement of Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise Training in Older People

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes

Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes

A Systematic Review on Heart-Rate Recovery to Monitor Changes in Training Status in Athletes

Efeitos da idade e da aptidão aeróbica na recuperação da frequência cardíaca em homens adultos

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