“…For instance, polyether sulfone membranes produced through phase inversion, when enhanced with SiO 2 nanoparticles, displayed an increased flow rate of 150 Lm 2 h −1 bar −1 , with the characterization of the membrane surface and distinctive features elucidated via techniques such as Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). 9 Furthermore, composite polypropylene membranes with aramid support have been documented for achieving salt rejection rates of between 70% and 75%. 10 …”