Improvement of cardiometabolic markers after fish oil intervention in young Mexican adults and the role of PPARα L162V and PPARγ2 P12A

Abstract

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contained in fish oil (FO) are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) that may induce changes in cardiometabolic markers. Variation in PPAR genes may influence the beneficial responses linked to FO supplementation in young adults. The study aimed to analyze the effect of FO supplementation on glucose metabolism, circulating lipids and inflammation according to PPARα L162V and PPARγ2 P12A genotypes in young Mexican adults. 191 young, non-smoking subjects between 18 and 40 years were included in a one-arm study. Participants were supplemented with 2.7 g/day of EPA+DHA, during six weeks. Dietary analysis, body composition measurements and indicators for glucose metabolism, circulating lipids, and markers for inflammation were analyzed before and after intervention. An overall decrease in triglycerides (TG) and an increase in HS-ω3 index were observed in all subjects [-4.1 mg/dL, (SD:±51.7), P=.02 and 2.6%, (SD:±1.2), P<.001 respectively]. Mean fasting insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c%) were significantly decreased in all subjects [-0.547mlU/L, (SD:±10.29), P=.034 and-0.07%, (SD:±0.3), P<.001 respectively], whereas there was no change in body composition, fasting glucose, adiponectin and inflammatory markers. Subjects carrying the minor alleles of PPARα L162V and PPARγ2 P12A had higher responses in reduction of TG and fasting insulin respectively. Interestingly, doses below 2.7 g/day (1.8 g/day) were sufficient to induce a significant reduction in fasting insulin and HbA1c% from baseline (P=.019 and P<.001). The observed responses in triglycerides and fasting insulin in the Mexican population give further evidence of the importance of FO supplementation in young people as an early step towards the prevention of cardiometabolic disease.

Genetic Risk Score Predictive of the Plasma Triglyceride Response to an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in a Mexican Population

“…Fully detailed characteristics of participants have been previously published [22]. Anthropometric measurements and TG levels of responders and non-responders pre- and post-supplementation are presented in Table 1.…”

“…The study population, intervention and genotyping procedures were detailed in a previous publication [22]. Briefly, inclusion criteria were: aged between 18 and 40 years old, BMI between 18.5 and <30 kg/m 2 , no ongoing medication, no vitamin nor lipid supplements prior to or during the intervention, sedentary to moderate level of physical activity according to the IPAQ questionnaire [23].…”

“…A previous intervention study in which young Mexican adults were supplemented with 2.7 g of n-3 FA per day showed that genetic variation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ2 ( PPARα and γ2 ) genes moderately influence the triglyceride response to the intervention [22]. The objective of the present study was to test the association of a GRS predictive of the plasma TG response to the n-3 FA supplementation in this study population and to refine it via fine mapping of GWAS-associated loci.…”

The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders

“…Long-chain ω-3 PUFA represent a special class of FA that contain multiple DB, with the last DB being located three carbons away from the methyl terminus of the chain [72]. Abundance of ω-3 PUFA is good for health, e.g., for the treatment of neurological problems [73], symptomatic relief of inflammatory disorders [74], improvement of whole-body metabolism [75], and for reducing the risk of CVD [72].…”

Genetic risk prediction of the plasma triglyceride response to independent supplementations with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids: the ComparED Study

“…Supplements of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) from marine sources, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), can be used as an effective, safe, and accessible treatment option for hypertriglyceridemia [1][2][3][4][5]. However, an important inter-individual variability in the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to n-3 FA supplements had been reported, with 29 to 31% of participants increasing TG levels following an n-3 FA supplementation at pharmacological doses [6][7][8].…”