Improvement of biodiesel production from palm oil by co-immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B: Optimization using response surface methodology

Co-Immobilization of Rhizopus oryzae and Candida rugosa Lipases onto mMWCNTs@4-arm-PEG-NH2—A Novel Magnetic Nanotube–Polyethylene Glycol Amine Composite—And Its Applications for Biodiesel Production

“…Depending on this feature, lipases can be categorized into three types: sn-1,3-specificity, sn-2-specificity, and non-specificity [ 12 ]. However, multiple lipases with different specificity sites (nonspecific lipase and sn-1,3-specific lipase) could be employed concurrently to avoid acyl movement as a rate-limiting step in biodiesel production, to eliminate the accumulation of intermediate products, to reduce the reaction time, and to enhance lipase activity and biodiesel yield [ 13 ].…”

“…On the other hand, the industrialization of biodiesel catalyzed by lipase has been affected by long reaction times and inefficient production [ 12 ]. Maximum yields of biodiesel could be obtained in a short reaction time via combining two or more lipases with different sites specificity rather than a single lipase [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], as the combined lipases will act synergistically, targeting various triglycerides sites in the oil composition [ 17 ], and avoiding the formation of 2-monoglycerides during the reaction [ 13 ]. In addition, the use of more than one lipase may reduce biocatalyst costs due to their different market prices [ 18 ].…”

“…Various immobilization techniques, such as co-immobilized lipases (CIL) [ 13 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] and a mixture of immobilized lipases (MIL) [ 12 , 25 ], have been used to enhance biodiesel production rates. From an environmental and economic standpoint, co-immobilization of multi-enzymes is a powerful method with numerous advantages, such as avoiding mass transfer restrictions, eliminating product contamination, preventing inactivation by intermediate products, and increasing the reaction speed [ 14 ].…”

“…From an environmental and economic standpoint, co-immobilization of multi-enzymes is a powerful method with numerous advantages, such as avoiding mass transfer restrictions, eliminating product contamination, preventing inactivation by intermediate products, and increasing the reaction speed [ 14 ]. The primary objective of co-immobilization was to overcome the mass transfer restrictions imposed by reactants and to enhance the reaction rate and speed [ 13 ]. There are a few previous studies using co-immobilized lipases for biodiesel production.…”

“…Among these methods, covalent bonding of the enzyme onto the support is the most practical method. It has more attention due to the firm interaction between the enzyme and the support materials, inhibiting the enzyme leakage from the support and increasing enzyme stability [ 13 , 28 , 29 ]. To carry out lipase immobilization, nano-scale magnetic carbon nanotubes (mCNTs) have been widely investigated by researchers.…”