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Environmental issues are of great importance in all the areas of industry and transport. Usage of environmentally friendly, easily biodegradable lubricants has a benefit, when the oil can get into environment by using total loss lubricants, leakages or some accidents. Due to inherent biodegradability, extremely high viscosity index, lubricity, and low cost various vegetable oils are used to produce environmentally friendly lubricants. However vegetable oils have some drawbacks, in particular narrow temperature range and poor oxidation stability. The aim of current study is to evaluate possibility to improve vegetable oil cold temperature properties by dilution it with synthetic esters. The dilution of rapeseed oil is done up to 30 % by lower viscosity poly alpha olefins. The pure point, low temperature flow behavior and tribological properties of diluents are investigated. The results show significant improvement in pure point temperature and low temperature flow ability. Dilution has negative effect on tribological properties. However the investigated mixtures are compatible with antiwear additives and their tribological properties can be improved.
Environmental issues are of great importance in all the areas of industry and transport. Usage of environmentally friendly, easily biodegradable lubricants has a benefit, when the oil can get into environment by using total loss lubricants, leakages or some accidents. Due to inherent biodegradability, extremely high viscosity index, lubricity, and low cost various vegetable oils are used to produce environmentally friendly lubricants. However vegetable oils have some drawbacks, in particular narrow temperature range and poor oxidation stability. The aim of current study is to evaluate possibility to improve vegetable oil cold temperature properties by dilution it with synthetic esters. The dilution of rapeseed oil is done up to 30 % by lower viscosity poly alpha olefins. The pure point, low temperature flow behavior and tribological properties of diluents are investigated. The results show significant improvement in pure point temperature and low temperature flow ability. Dilution has negative effect on tribological properties. However the investigated mixtures are compatible with antiwear additives and their tribological properties can be improved.
The article contains sections titled: 1. Base Oils 1.1. Historical Review and Outlook 1.2. Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils 1.3. Refining 1.3.1. Distillation 1.3.2. Deasphalting 1.3.3. Traditional Refining Processes 1.3.3.1. Acid Refining 1.3.3.2. Solvent Extraction 1.3.4. Solvent Dewaxing 1.3.5. Finishing 1.4. Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking 1.4.1. Manufacturing Naphthenic Base Oils by Hydrogenation 1.4.2. Production of White Oils 1.4.3. Lube Hydrocracking 1.4.4. Catalytic Dewaxing 1.4.5. Wax Isomerization 1.4.6. Hybrid Lube Oil Processing 1.4.7. All‐Hydrogen Route 1.4.8. Gas‐to‐Liquids Conversion Technology 1.5. Boiling and Evaporation Behavior of Base Oils 2. Synthetic Base Oils 2.1. Synthetic Hydrocarbons 2.1.1. Polyalphaolefins 2.1.2. Polyinternalolefins 2.1.3. Polybutenes 2.1.4. Alkylated Aromatics 2.1.5. Other Hydrocarbons 2.2. Halogenated Hydrocarbons 2.3. Synthetic Esters 2.3.1. Esters of Carboxylic Acids 2.3.1.1. Dicarboxylic Acid Esters 2.3.1.2. Polyol Esters 2.3.1.3. Other Carboxylic Esters 2.3.1.4. Complex Esters 2.3.1.5. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acid Esters 2.3.2. Phosphate Esters 2.4. Polyalkylene Glycols 2.5. Other Polyethers 2.5.1. Perfluorinated Polyethers 2.5.2. Polyphenyl Ethers 2.5.3. Polysiloxanes (Silicone Oils) 2.6. Other Synthetic Base Oils 2.7. Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants 3. Additives 3.1. Antioxidants 3.1.1. Mechanism of Oxidation and Antioxidants 3.1.2. Compounds 3.2. Viscosity Modifiers 3.2.1. VI Improvement Mechanisms 3.2.2. Structure and Chemistry of Viscosity Modifiers 3.3. Pour Point Depressants 3.4. Detergents and Dispersants 3.4.1. Metal‐Containing Compounds (Detergents) 3.4.2. Ashless Dispersants (AD) 3.5. Antifoam Agents 3.6. Demulsifiers 3.7. Dyes 3.8. Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives 3.9. Friction Modifiers 3.10. Corrosion Inhibitors 3.10.1. Antirust Additives 3.10.2. Metal Passivators
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