Improvement in the performance of low temperature H2–O2 fuel cell with chitosan–phosphotungstic acid composite membranes

Santamaria, Monica; Pecoraro, Claudio Maria; Franco, Francesco Di; Quarto, F. Di; Gatto, Irene; Saccà, A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.01.133

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…3 Wan et al 4 prepared chitosan membranes with degrees of deacetylation (DD) ranging from 70 to 95% and molar masses (Mv) ranging from 2.9 × 10 5 to 1.0 × 10 6 Da. This enables physical and chemical alterations, such as crosslinking to form membranes, with creation of ion exchange sites and enhancement of ionic conductivity, as well as provision of greater stability at temperatures above 100°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of the preparation of composite membranes consisting of chitosan (minor component) and another polymer (major component) have generally employed pure chitosan membranes only as a reference for the purpose of data comparison, without exploring the individual characteristics of the chitosan that might affect proton conduction. 3 Wan et al 4 prepared chitosan membranes with degrees of deacetylation (DD) ranging from 70 to 95% and molar masses (Mv) ranging from 2.9 × 10 5 to 1.0 × 10 6 Da. It was found that the degree of crystallinity of the membrane increased at higher DD and lower Mv, while the degree of swelling was higher at lower DD and higher Mv.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parameters effect on proton conductivity to obtain chitosan membranes for use as electrolytes in PEMFC

et al. 2017

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Summary The chitosan biopolymer can be used as a proton‐conducting membrane in proton‐exchange membrane fuel cell. In the forms that they have normally obtained and tested, chitosan membranes typically show poor performance in conduction of protons, requiring modifications in the structure of the biopolymer or blending with other polymers to increase its proton conductivity. The present work investigates the individual properties of chitosan and relates them to the proton conductivity performance of membranes composed of this polymer. Evaluation was made of the effects of variables such as the degree of deacetylation (DD) and the molar mass (Mv) of chitosan membranes without addition of any other polymer. The DD and Mv values of the chitosan used to produce membranes determined the proton conduction, with lower DD and higher Mv resulting in higher conductivity. The thicker membranes presented greater crystallinity, with conductivity between 2.0 × 10−4 and 1.8 × 10−3 S cm−1. The characteristic stages of degradation of the chitosan membranes were in the ranges 200 to 300°C and 500 to 600°C, indicating good thermal stability of the material.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters effect on proton conductivity to obtain chitosan membranes for use as electrolytes in PEMFC

et al. 2017

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“…The ionic conductivities of CS-phosphotungstic acid (CS/PTA) composite membranes proposed and tested as proton conductors in low-temperature fuel cells fed by methanol, borohydride, and hydrogen are higher than that of CS membranes [53,54]. CS/PTA polyelectrolyte membranes prepared using porous alumina medium for the slow release of H 3 PW 12 O 40 exhibited good performance when applied as electrolytes in H 2 feed fuel cells, and a proton conductivity of ≈14 mS cm −1 was achieved [55][56][57]. The addition of a drying step on a glass support reduced the shrinkage and fabrication of flat homogeneous membranes and improved performance; the measured peak power density of membranes prepared through this approach was 550 mW cm −2 [57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CS/PTA polyelectrolyte membranes prepared using porous alumina medium for the slow release of H 3 PW 12 O 40 exhibited good performance when applied as electrolytes in H 2 feed fuel cells, and a proton conductivity of ≈14 mS cm −1 was achieved [55][56][57]. The addition of a drying step on a glass support reduced the shrinkage and fabrication of flat homogeneous membranes and improved performance; the measured peak power density of membranes prepared through this approach was 550 mW cm −2 [57]. CS/phosphomolybdic acid (CS/PMA) membranes exhibited a maximum peak power density of 60 mW cm −2 with a proton conductivity of 1.6 mS cm −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Chitosan-Based Polymers as Proton Exchange Membranes and Roles of Chitosan-Supported Ionic Liquids

Rosli

Loh

Wong

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Perfluorosulphonic acid-based membranes such as Nafion are widely used in fuel cell applications. However, these membranes have several drawbacks, including high expense, non-eco-friendliness, and low proton conductivity under anhydrous conditions. Biopolymer-based membranes, such as chitosan (CS), cellulose, and carrageenan, are popular. They have been introduced and are being studied as alternative materials for enhancing fuel cell performance, because they are environmentally friendly and economical. Modifications that will enhance the proton conductivity of biopolymer-based membranes have been performed. Ionic liquids, which are good electrolytes, are studied for their potential to improve the ionic conductivity and thermal stability of fuel cell applications. This review summarizes the development and evolution of CS biopolymer-based membranes and ionic liquids in fuel cell applications over the past decade. It also focuses on the improved performances of fuel cell applications using biopolymer-based membranes and ionic liquids as promising clean energy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 632 2 of 52 used to exchange protons from the anode to the cathode [1]. PEMFCs are light, highly efficient, and compact. They operate at relatively low temperatures (≈80 • C), have high power density, and are suitable for various applications. Figure 1 shows that PEMFC consists of various important elements, namely, bipolar plates, diffusion layers, electrodes (anode and cathode), and an electrolyte. The core of a PEMFC is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) composed of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) placed between two electrodes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 53 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 632 3 of 52Polysaccharides, such as chitosan (CS) and cellulose, are among the best natural polymer materials because of their abundance in the environment. CS is a linear polysaccharide consisting of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked d-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (acetylated unit), which is produced by the deacetylation of chitin. CS has high water affinity properties as there is the presence of three different polar functional groups, which are hydroxyl (-OH), primary amine (-NH 2 ), and C-O-C groups. CS has a structure that is very similar to cellulose, but the difference among them is that CS contains amine groups and its structure is characterized by its molecular weight and degree of deacetylation, where its solubility is depended on [7].CS has rigid structure and high crystallinity as there are three hydrogen atoms strongly bonded between the amino and hydroxyl groups within the CS monomers, due to the immobilized structure, which leads to its proton conduction limitation. Moreover, CS has attractive physicochemical properties in aqueous solution due to its polycationic nature and this leads to wide range of biological purposes such as antimicrobial activity and disease resistance activities in plants [8]. CS membranes are one of the most preferable and favorable materials to re...

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“…In this regard, we proposed an efficient procedure (ie, ionotropic gelation process) to obtain CS-HPA composite membranes that were, up to now, successfully tested as proton conductors just in low temperature H 2 fed fuel cells. [32][33][34][35] CS is dissolved in an aqueous acetic acid solution, where it is protonated and behaves like a cationic polyelectrolyte and can be ionically cross-linked by anionic species. Therefore, using a porous medium previously embedded with HPA for the slow release of Keggin anions induces the crosslinking with protonated chitosan to occur on its surface allowing to prepare flat, homogenous and freestanding membranes, whose thickness can be finely tuned by tuning the contact (ie, reticulation) time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methanol and proton transport through chitosan‐phosphotungstic acid membranes for direct methanol fuel cell

et al. 2020

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Composite chitosan-phosphotungstic acid membranes were synthesized by ionotropic gelation. Their liquid uptake is higher for thin membranes (23 ± 2 μm), while it is lower ($70%) for thicker membranes (50-70 μm). Polarization curves recorded using single module fuel cell at 70 C allowed to estimate a peak power density of 60 mW cm −2 by using 1 M as methanol and low Pt and Pt/Ru loadings (0.5 and 3 mg cm −2) at the cathode and at the anode, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to estimate the membrane conductivity and to model the electrochemical behavior of methanol electrooxidation inside the fuel cell revealing a two-step mechanism mainly responsible of overall kinetic losses. Transport of methanol inside the membrane was studied by potentiostatic measurements, allowing to estimate a methanol diffusivity of 3.6 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 .

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Improvement in the performance of low temperature H2–O2 fuel cell with chitosan–phosphotungstic acid composite membranes

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Parameters effect on proton conductivity to obtain chitosan membranes for use as electrolytes in PEMFC

Parameters effect on proton conductivity to obtain chitosan membranes for use as electrolytes in PEMFC

Review of Chitosan-Based Polymers as Proton Exchange Membranes and Roles of Chitosan-Supported Ionic Liquids

Methanol and proton transport through chitosan‐phosphotungstic acid membranes for direct methanol fuel cell

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