Improvement in Th1/Th2 immune homeostasis, antioxidative status and resistance to pathogenic E. coli on consumption of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented milk in aging mice

Abstract

Imbalance in Th1/Th2 immune pathways and cellular antioxidant systems with progressive aging are among the leading causes of increased risk of morbidity and mortality in elderly. Although probiotics have been considered to boost immune system, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of probiotic effects on aging physiology. The present study aimed at determining anti-immunosenescence potential of milk fermented with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) in 16 months old mice by concurrent analysis of immunosenescence markers associated with Th1/Th2 profile of splenocytes, inflamm-aging in plasma, neutrophil functions and antibody response in intestine along with analysis of antioxidant enzymes in liver and red blood cells (RBCs) after feeding trials of 1 and 2 months, respectively. An enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (ATCC 14948)-based infection model in aging mice was also designed to validate protective attributes of LR. Splenocytes registered increased IFN-γ and decreased IL-4 and IL-10 production in LR-fed animals. Neutrophil respiratory burst enzymes and phagocytosis increased significantly while no aggravation in plasma levels of MCP-1 and TNF-α was observed. Further, owing to increased Th1 response, antibodies registered a decrease in IgG1/IgG2a ratio and IgE levels in LR groups. No significant variations were observed in secretory IgA and IgA + cells in the intestine. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) in LR-fed groups recorded increased activities which were more pronounced in the liver than in RBCs. LR supplementation significantly reduced E. coli translocation to organs (intestine, liver, spleen, peritoneal fluid) by enhancing E. coli-specific antibodies (IgA and IgG1) and inflammatory proteins. In conclusion, LR supplementation alleviated immunosenescence-associated Th1/Th2 imbalance, improved antioxidant capacity, and enhanced resistance of aged mice to E. coli infection thereby signifying its potential in augmenting healthy aging.

Psychological comorbidity increases the risk for postinfectious IBS partly by enhanced susceptibility to develop infectious gastroenteritis

“…This observation suggests that the increased risk of subjects with increased anxiety and somatisation to develop PI-IBS is partly explained by the observation that they are more susceptible for a GI infection. To what extent this results from stress-induced impaired barrier function19 or impaired immune function with hampered clearance of the infectious agent23 is hard to investigate. Of note, age is protective against IGE and this may possibly be directly related to age or may be due to previous exposure.…”

“…Moreover, chronic stress in mice activates the IL-10/STAT3 axis, thereby suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 and inducing a shift of Th1/Th2 cytokines towards a Th2 predominance 22. Interestingly, a decreased Th1 immune response has recently been shown to lead to increased susceptibility of mice to infection with the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 23. Based on these findings, we hypothesised that psychological factors may increase the risk to develop PI-IBS by modulation of the immune response towards the GI infection.…”

Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies

“…Studies of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, and Lactobacillus casei and L. rhamnosus strains showed effects on total secretory IgA levels in rodent models (153,(156)(157)(158). However, the mechanisms by which some probiotics increase secretory IgA levels are not well understood, and more studies are needed to determine whether such changes in antibody production could protect against CDI.…”

Preparation of File (Sohan) by using the Probiotics with Chemical and Microbiologic Analysis for Individual's Health

“…Then antibiotic discs were putted on the culture medium. The halo of lack of growth created around antibiotic discs was measured after 24 hours incubation at 37°C [21].…”

“…The maltose sugars added separately to Lactobacillus and the galactose, fructose, lactose, trehalose, sucrose, Slbiose and maltose sugars were added to the yeast and microorganisms are cultivated in them. The results after 24, 48 and 72 hours was recorded [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”