Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965--1973: I. Priorities for intervention.

Eisner, Víctor; Pratt, M W; Hexter, Alfred C.; Chabot, Marion Johnson; Sayal, N

doi:10.2105/ajph.68.4.359

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We defined two birthweight groups as dependent variables for the multivariate analyses: 1 These categories provided 1,296 possible combinations of independent variables (144 for primigravida, 1,152 for multigravida), of which 390 contained no births. Thus, we had 906 "data points" for the multivariate analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of low birthweight.

Eisner¹,

Brazie²,

Pratt³

et al. 1979

Am J Public Health

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Descriptive analyses of birthweight for single live births in the United States during 1974, using birth certificate information, show that several factors are associated with a high incidence of low birthweight babies. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine correlates of low birthweight. When other factors are held constant, race not white, previous reproductive loss, short interpregnancy interval, outof-wedlock birth, no prenatal care, and maternal age Recent studies of pregnancy outcome have shown a progressive decline of perinatal and infant mortality in all risk categories, including mortality for small preterm infants.' The decline has come at a time of change in many aspects of maternal and infant care: associated factors include improved perinatal services available to both mother and baby, improved care or prevention of specific diseases, and an increased availability of means for spacing or preventing pregnancies.In our study of birth certificate information to evaluate specific factors which increase the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome, we have followed the suggestion of Lewis, et al.,2 and use birthweight distribution as an indicator of pregnancy outcome. Although infant mortality rates remain the primary indicator, low birthweight is also an indicator of considerable interest. Low birthweight is associated with increased perinatal and infant mortality and morbidity, including adverse sequelae such as mental retardation and learning disabilities.Many previous studies have shown that birthweight, in- The study from which the present report has been drawn'4 comprised an examination of United States birth registration data for single live births in 1974. For each race it related the proportion of births which were low birthweight (less than 2501 grams) to risk factors ascertainable from birth certificates. We summarize here the principal findings of that study and report the results of multivariate analyses which examine the risk of having a low birthweight baby by race, maternal age, wedlock status, prenatal care, and maternal education for primigravida, and by these factors and birth order, reproductive history, and interpregnancy interval for multigravida.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of low birthweight.

Eisner¹,

Brazie²,

Pratt³

et al. 1979

Am J Public Health

Self Cite

150

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show abstract

“…Black (2) Indian (3) Chinese (4) Japanese (5) Hawaiian (6) Other Nonwhite (7) Filipino (8) Chamorrow…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial differences between linked birth and infant death records in Washington State.

Frost¹,

Shy²

1980

Am J Public Health

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The race of infants who died in Washington State 1968 was ascertained by two different methods: 1) race on the death record, and 2) race on the corresponding linked birth record. The second method resulted in substantial increases in the numbers of infant deaths for the nonwhite races: Between 1968 and Indian 39 per cent (n = 114/293), Filipino 56 per cent (n = 19/34), Japanese 121 per cent (n = 23/19), and Chinese 117 per cent (n = 14/12). For Indians, the discrepancy between birth and death records was greatest when the age at death was less than seven days (p < 0.01). (Am J Public Health 1980; 70:974-976.) ington State residents were ascertained from a linked file of birth and death records. Linkages were made for 8,390 infant deaths. Matching was accomplished manually according to these criteria: name, birth date, sex, and mother's and father's names. Linkages could not be made for 728 infant deaths. The most common reason for a non-match was the death of an infant who was born outside Washington state to a resident of another state. The number (and proportion) of non-linked infant deaths, according to race at death, was: White 656 (.08), Black 24 (.05), Indian 30 (.09), Chinese 2 (.14), Japanese 1 (.05), "other nonwhite" 15 (.17), and Filipino 0 (.00). Our analysis was restricted to the linked records.Race was determined from the birth and death certificates according to standards developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).5'6 Birth attendants (or hospital personnel) complete the birth certificate, and funeral directors generally complete the death certificate. For mixtures of White and nonwhite races, the nonwhite race is assigned. For mixtures of two nonwhite races, the race of the father is assigned, except for the Hawaiian race, which always takes precedence. The birth certificate has entries for both the maternal and paternal races; thus, the NCHS criteria for the race of the child at birth can be adhered to explicitly. On the other hand, the infant's race at death is assigned according to a single entry on the death certificate, and the races of the parents are not entered onto the death certificate. Before 1978, the racial codes for vital records in Washington State differed slightly from the racial codes of the NCHS.7 Consequently, birth and death certificates that had been coded "other nonwhite" were recoded to conform to NCHS standards.Cross-tabulations of infant deaths were prepared for: 1) race at death by race at birth, and 2) race of mother by race of father. Racial discordance between the birth and death certificates was also examined according to the age of the infant at death (six days or less, seven to 28 days, and greater than 28 days), five year interval (1968-1972 and 1973-1977), and the stated cause of death. Additional cross-tabulations were prepared for those purposes. Trends in proportions were analyzed with the chi-square test for trend.

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“…The greater use of birth control methods and the federal subsidization of family planning services are credited with causing the marked decline in fertility (16.6%) observed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 35 The decline in fertility meant that fewer high risk births, those of high parity or high maternal age, were occurring. This contributed to the decline in infant mortality observed over the 1970s.…”

Section: Black Infant Health: Post-war Era (1946-1980)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Infant Health: Where to in the 21st Century?

Warner¹

1999

The Review of Black Political Economy

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Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965--1973: I. Priorities for intervention.

Cited by 24 publications

References 6 publications

The risk of low birthweight.

The risk of low birthweight.

Racial differences between linked birth and infant death records in Washington State.

Black Infant Health: Where to in the 21st Century?

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