Improvement in access to safe water, household water insecurity, and time savings: A cross-sectional retrospective study in Kenya

Bisung, Elijah; Elliott, Susan J.

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.001

Cited by 46 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This systematic review assessed WASH-related challenges faced by women and girls and further established a clear link whereby gendered WASH inequities interconnect with health outcomes, thereby establishing the "water-gender-health" nexus. We found some indication that women may have less access to clean water (Bisung and Elliott, 2018); however, few studies have directly interrogated this question. Regardless, women and girls typically served as the main water purveyors, a role which increased their risk for musculoskeletal trauma (Geere et al, 2018), and exposure to waterborne toxins (Gaspar et al, 2017;Guy et al, 2018).…”

Section: Summary Of the Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Few studies directly compared whether access to water differed as a result of a gender. However, Bisung and Elliott (2018) showed that female-headed households had reduced access to water security (Bisung and Elliott, 2018). Moreover, within a household, there was substantial evidence that women as the primary carriers of water with prevalence estimates ranging from 61 to 79% (Hunter, 2006;Bornman et al, 2012;Holvoet et al, 2016;Geere et al, 2018).…”

Section: Synthesized Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a comprehensive intervention which combined hand-pumps, latrines, and hygiene education demonstrated significant success after a 7-years follow-up, drastically increasing the number of households using improved WASH practices, reducing bacteria on the hands of mothers, and consequently the incidence of diarrhea in children (Hoque et al, 1996). A lack of clean water negatively impact women and girl's quality of life Doherty et al, 2007;Bornman et al, 2012;Sato et al, 2016;Gaspar et al, 2017;Vos et al, 2017;Angoua et al, 2018;Prado et al, 2019 Women may have reduced water security Bisung and Elliott, 2018 Women are the primary purveyors of water Hunter, 2006;Bornman et al, 2012;Holvoet et al, 2016;Geere et al, 2018 Sanitation and Hygiene…”

Section: Both Infrastructural and Educational Interventions Are Succementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health

2020

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Background: Significant developmental challenges in low-resource settings limit access to sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). However, in addition to reducing human agency and dignity, gendered WASH inequities can also increase disease burden among women and girls. In this systematic review, a range of challenges experienced by women relating to inadequate WASH resources are described and their intersection with health are explored. We further assess the effectiveness of interventions in alleviating inequalities related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) three (health), five (gender), and six (water). Methods: We searched the MEDLINE database to identify research articles related to water (i.e., WASH), gender, and sustainability. An analysis of both observational and interventional studies was undertaken. For each study, content analysis was performed to identify the relevant WASH, gender, and health related outcomes, and the main conclusions of the study. Results: Key themes from our search included that women and girls face barriers toward accessing basic sanitation and hygiene resources, including a lack of secure and private sanitation and of Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) resources. In total, 71% of identified studies reported a health outcome, suggesting an intersection of water and gender with health. Half of the research studies that included a health component reflected on the relationship between WASH, gender, and infantile diseases, including under-5 mortality, waterborne parasites, and stunting. In addition, we found that women and girls, as a result of their role as water purveyors, were at risk of exposure to contaminated water and of sustaining musculoskeletal trauma. A limited number of studies directly compared gender differences in accessing WASH resources, and an even smaller fraction (N = 5, 8.5%) reported sex-disaggregated outcomes. Educational, infrastructural, and programmatic interventions showed promise in reducing WASH and health outcomes. Indeed, infrastructural WASH interventions can be successful if long-term maintenance is ensured. Conclusions: Significant WASH inequities in women and girls further manifest as health burdens, providing strong evidence that the water-gender-nexus intersects with health. Pouramin et al. The Water-Gender Nexus and Health Thus, addressing gender and water inequities holds the potential to alleviate disease burden and have a significant impact on achieving the SDGs, including SDG three, five, and six.

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Section: Summary Of the Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Synthesized Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Both Infrastructural and Educational Interventions Are Succementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health

2020

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“…The distress related to water insecurity is in part explained by women’s increased difficulty fulfilling domestic roles (e.g., washing, cleaning, and cooking), maintaining hygiene, and providing hospitality [ 18 ], all of which are considered to be significant aspects of role functioning for East African women [ 27 ]. Accordingly, women residing in LMICs have reported greater concern about water access than their male counterparts [ 20 , 24 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water insecurity and gendered risk for depression in rural Uganda: a hotspot analysis

et al. 2018

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BackgroundWater insecurity is linked to depression in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), though it remains unclear how geospatial clustering of water insecurity in rural regions is associated with risk for depression.MethodsWe conducted a population-based survey of a rural parish in southwestern Uganda (N = 1603) to evaluate the joint geospatial clustering of water insecurity and risk for depression among men and women living in rural Uganda.ResultsGeospatial clustering of self-reported water insecurity and depressive symptoms was found to be present among both men and women. Depression hotspots were more often observed near water insecurity hotspots among women, relative to men. Multivariable regression revealed that residing in a water insecurity hotspot significantly increased risk for depressive symptoms among women, but not among men.ConclusionsResiding in a water insecurity hotspot is associated with greater risk for probable depression among women, but not among men, pointing to the need for focused depression screening among women residing in water insecure households.

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“…There are limited studies on the pathways between water insecurity and supply, as well as the complexities surrounding patterns of water availability, access and use [32]. A few studies have tried to operationalize the relationship between the water security attributes [21,32,33]. Fewer still have tried to incorporate gender inequality in these studies [31,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered Water Insecurity: A Structural Equation Approach for Female Headed Households in South Africa

Ngarava

Zhou

Monde

2019

Water

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Intricacies between women and water are central to achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Gender equality and women empowerment is a key driver in ending hunger and poverty as well as improve water security the study sought to identify and provide pathways through which female-headed households were water insecure in South Africa. Secondary data collected during the 2016 General Household Survey (GHS) was utilised, with a sample of 5928 female-headed households. Principal Component Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were used to analyse the data. The results show dynamic relationships between water characteristics and water treatment. There were also associations between water access and wealth status of the female-headed households. Association was also found between water access and water treatment as well as between wealth status and water treatment. The study concludes that there are dynamic relationships in water insecurity (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) for female-headed households in South Africa. The study recommends that a multi-prong approach is required in tackling exposures, sensitivities and adaptive capacities to water insecurity. This should include capacity–building and empowering women for wealth generation, improve access to water treatment equipment as well as prioritising improvement of infrastructure that brings piped and safe water to female-headed households.

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Improvement in access to safe water, household water insecurity, and time savings: A cross-sectional retrospective study in Kenya

Cited by 46 publications

References 23 publications

A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health

A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health

Water insecurity and gendered risk for depression in rural Uganda: a hotspot analysis

Gendered Water Insecurity: A Structural Equation Approach for Female Headed Households in South Africa

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