“…Fig.4Evidence for CA and CA-based membrane removal performance: (a) several heavy metals (Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Fe 3+ );90,132,136,[138][139][140]241 (b) several industrial dyes including methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), reactive orange (RO), Reactive black (RB), indigo carmine (IC), and Rhodamine B;29,142,143,156,[158][159][160][161]242 (c) pharmaceuticals;181,188,191,192,[195][196][197][198] (d) several selective polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs);83,166,175,[243][244][245] and (e) pesticides including p-nitrophenol (PNP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNOC), and 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate (NPP) 217,221,222. …”