Improved Passive Flux Samplers for Measuring Ammonia Emissions from Animal Houses, Part 1: Basic Principles

Scholtens, R.; Hol, J.M.G.; Wagemans, M.J.M.; Phillips, V.R.

doi:10.1016/s1537-5110(03)00020-5

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Figure 6 also shows that the linear correlation between internal-external velocities was appropriate (R 2 value ~0.95). This linear correlation was slightly lower than those obtained in PFS based on absorption (R 2 value ~ 0.99) due to the effect of the adsorbent bed on the air flow through PFS (Mosquera, Scholtens, & Ogink, 2003;Scholtens et al, 2003).…”

Section: Effect Of the Adsorbent Bed Thickness On The Performance Of contrasting

confidence: 61%

“…In order to estimate emissions accurately, it is necessary to use precise, reproducible, robust and economic methods (Berndt & Tomkins, 2013;FAO, 2014). In this context, passive flux sampling has been recommended as a robust technique for measuring gaseous emissions because it needs few operational requirements and needs low capital investment (Godbout, Phillips, & Sneath, 2006;Mosquera, 2003;Scholtens, Hol, Wagemans, & Phillips, 2003). This technique has been applied to estimate NH 3 emissions by using sampler made with glass tubes coated with oxalic acid which allowed absorption of the target gas (Leuning, Freney, Denmead, & Simpson, 1985;Schjoerring, Sommer, & Ferm, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adsorbent beds with smaller particle size have a higher surface area relative to equivalent to the mass of adsorbents with a larger particle size (Zielinski & Kettle, 2013). However, long adsorbent beds and small particle size may generate substantial energy losses in the air flow (Wilkes, 2006) because the adsorbent bed reduces the air velocity inside the PFSs (Liu, Afacan, & Masliyah, 1994), and this consequently affects the internal (V o ), the external velocity (V ex ) and the ratio between the two velocities, known as the K-factor (Scholtens et al, 2003). Thus, the pressure drop (∆P) of the air flow through a packed bed must be experimentally or theoretically evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of passive flux samplers based on adsorption to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources

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Godbout

Brar

et al. 2018

Biosystems Engineering

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Passive flux samplers (PFSs) packed with adsorbents are used to estimate gaseous emissions. A key condition of their use is maintaining a linear relationship between internal and external air velocities. The performance of PFSs designs depends on the characteristics of the adsorption bed and on the sampler design. The parameters required to enable PFSs to estimate greenhouse (GHG) emissions from agricultural sources were studied. The effect of the particle size of the adsorbent used as collector medium was analyzed theoretically using the Ergun equation. Three orifice plates with 0.5, 0.7 and 1 mm bore diameter were evaluated in order to determine the most appropriate diameter to control air flow through a new passive flux sampler (PFS) prototype while maintaining adequate linearity between internal and external air velocity. The effect of the adsorbent bed thickness (19, 50, 100 and 200 mm) on the internal-external air velocity relationship in the PFS was evaluated. The best performance was obtained using the 0.7 mm orifice plate and an adsorbent bed thickness of 50 mm. Spherical adsorbents with high adsorption capacity are recommended in order to decrease the adsorbent bed thickness and improve sampling performance. A series of experiments showed that the estimated mass flow obtained by the developed PFS was close to the confidence interval of values obtained by direct detection. Thus, the developed PFS can be used as a tool for the estimating of GHG emissions from agricultural sources.

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Section: Effect Of the Adsorbent Bed Thickness On The Performance Of contrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of passive flux samplers based on adsorption to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources

Larios

Godbout

Brar

et al. 2018

Biosystems Engineering

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“…' . Passive absorptive devices (Schjorring 1995;Scholtens et al 2003;Yang et al 2003;Sommer et al 2004;Misselbrook et al 2005a) trap NH 3 on dry acidimpregnated surfaces, which are subsequently extracted and sample solutions analyzed in laboratory. Passive samplers rely on wind ventilation and diffusion to convey NH 3 to the absorbing surface, so that minimum detection limits (50Á100 mg m (3 ) are higher than those for active gas washing or denuders.…”

Section: Quantifying Ammonia Emissions Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots

et al. 2011

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Hristov, A. N., Hanigan, M., Cole, A., Todd, R., McAllister T. A., Ndegwa, P. and Rotz, A. 2011. Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 1–35. Ammonia emitted from animal feeding operations is an environmental and human health hazard, contributing to eutrophication of surface waters and nitrate contamination of ground waters, soil acidity, and fine particulate matter formation. It may also contribute to global warming through nitrous oxide formation. Along with these societal concerns, ammonia emission is a net loss of manure fertilizer value to the producer. A significant portion of cattle manure nitrogen, primarily from urinary urea, is converted to ammonium and eventually lost to the atmosphere as ammonia. Determining ammonia emissions from cattle operations is complicated by the multifaceted nature of the factors regulating ammonia volatilization, such as manure management, ambient temperature, wind speed, and manure composition and pH. Approaches to quantify ammonia emissions include micrometeorological methods, mass balance accounting and enclosures. Each method has its advantages, disadvantages and appropriate application. It is also of interest to determine the ammonia emitting potential of manure (AEP) independent of environmental factors. The ratio of nitrogen to non-volatile minerals (phosphorus, potassium, ash) or nitrogen isotopes ratio in manure has been suggested as a useful indicator of AEP. Existing data on ammonia emission factors and flux rates are extremely variable. For dairy farms, emission factors from 0.82 to 250 g ammonia per cow per day have been reported, with an average of 59 g per cow per day (n=31). Ammonia flux rates for dairy farms averaged 1.03 g m−2 h−1 (n=24). Ammonia losses are significantly greater from beef feedlots, where emission factors average 119 g per animal per day (n=9) with values as high as 280 g per animal per day. Ammonia flux rate for beef feedlots averaged 0.174 g m−2 h−1 (n=12). Using nitrogen mass balance approaches, daily ammonia nitrogen losses of 25 to 50% of the nitrogen excreted in manure have been estimated for dairy cows and feedlot cattle. Practices to mitigate ammonia emissions include reducing excreted N (particularly urinary N), acidifying ammonia sources, or binding ammonium to a substrate. Reducing crude protein concentration in cattle diets and ruminal protein degradability are powerful tools for reducing N excretion, AEP, and whole-farm ammonia emissions. Reducing dietary protein can also benefit the producer by reducing feed cost. These interventions, however, have to be balanced with the risk of lost production. Manure treatment techniques that reduce volatile N species (e.g., urease inhibition, pH reduction, nitrification-denitrification) are also effective for mitigating ammonia emissions. Another option for reducing ammonia emissions is capture and treatment of released ammonia. Examples in the latter category include biofilters, permeable and impermeable covers, and manure incorporation into the soil for crop or pasture production. Process-level simulation of ammonia formation and emission provides a useful tool for estimating emissions over a wide range of production practices and evaluating the potential benefits of mitigation strategies. Reducing ammonia emissions from dairy and beef cattle operations is critical to achieving environmentally sustainable animal production that will benefit producers and society at large.

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“…Passive flux sampling (PFS) encompasses low operational and capital investment requirements to quantify gas emissions Dore et al 2004). This technique has been widely used to estimate NH 3 emissions from soil, manure management, and buildings with mechanical ventilation (Leuning et al 1985;Scholtens et al 2003). However, the application of PFSpassive flux sampling to measureestimate N 2 O emissions is scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters determining the use of zeolite 5A as collector medium in passive flux samplers to estimate N2O emissions from livestock sources

Larios

Brar

Ramírez

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Improved Passive Flux Samplers for Measuring Ammonia Emissions from Animal Houses, Part 1: Basic Principles

Cited by 12 publications

References 5 publications

Development of passive flux samplers based on adsorption to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources

Development of passive flux samplers based on adsorption to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources

Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots

Parameters determining the use of zeolite 5A as collector medium in passive flux samplers to estimate N2O emissions from livestock sources

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