“…Vision-based sensors have received considerable attention in the recent past towards the NDE of diverse civil infrastructures, ranging from sewers [ 151 ], tunnels [ 152 , 153 ], structural ceilings [ 154 ], roads [ 155 , 156 , 157 ], dams [ 158 ], pavements [ 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 ], and bridge decks [ 40 , 48 , 49 , 163 , 164 ]. The advent of state-of-the-art learning-based techniques for data analysis has facilitated the widespread usage of vision-based sensors within different robotic systems for the NDE of bridges [ 12 , 37 , 40 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 70 , 79 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 99 ].…”