Improved Method for the Rapid Determination of Terpenoid Aldehydes in Cotton

Benson, Chris G; Wyllie, S. Grant; Leach, D. L.; Mares, C. L.; Fitt, G. P.

doi:10.1021/jf0010836

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Plots were separated by 6 m of bare, tilled soil. Aldicarb (Temik) was applied to furrows at 5.6 kg ha 21 at planting to protect the plants from early season pests. Otherwise, the crop was grown and managed according to agronomic practices recommended by the Georgia Cooperative Extension Service except that no insecticides were applied after planting.…”

Section: (B) Field Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest trade-offs in technology: reduced damage by caterpillars in Bt cotton benefits aphids

et al. 2013

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The rapid adoption of genetically engineered (GE) plants that express insecticidal Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has raised concerns about their potential impact on non-target organisms. This includes the possibility that non-target herbivores develop into pests. Although studies have now reported increased populations of non-target herbivores in Bt cotton, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We propose that lack of herbivore-induced secondary metabolites in Bt cotton represents a mechanism that benefits non-target herbivores. We show that, because of effective suppression of Bt-sensitive lepidopteran herbivores, Bt cotton contains reduced levels of induced terpenoids. We also show that changes in the overall level of these defensive secondary metabolites are associated with improved performance of a Bt-insensitive herbivore, the cotton aphid, under glasshouse conditions. These effects, however, were not as clearly evident under field conditions as aphid populations were not correlated with the amount of terpenoids measured in the plants. Nevertheless, increased aphid numbers were visible in Bt cotton compared with non-Bt cotton on some sampling dates. Identification of this mechanism increases our understanding of how insect-resistant crops impact herbivore communities and helps underpin the sustainable use of GE varieties.

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Section: (B) Field Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest trade-offs in technology: reduced damage by caterpillars in Bt cotton benefits aphids

et al. 2013

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“…Gossypol levels in seed were determined by the HPLC method of Benson et al (2001). Mature seeds with seed coat removed from four plants of the T 3 generation of transformants and Coker 315 were frozen in liquid N 2 and lyophilized for 24 h. Ten embryos from each plant were pooled for extraction and quantification of gossypol with duplicate 25-mL injections performed for each extract.…”

Section: Determination Of Seed Gossypol Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisense Suppression of a (+)-δ-Cadinene Synthase Gene in Cotton Prevents the Induction of This Defense Response Gene during Bacterial Blight Infection But Not Its Constitutive Expression

et al. 2005

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In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) the enzyme (1)-d-cadinene synthase (CDNS) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of cadinane-type sesquiterpenes, such as gossypol, that provide constitutive and inducible protection against pests and diseases. A cotton cDNA clone encoding CDNS (cdn1-C4) was isolated from developing embryos and functionally characterized. Southern analysis showed that CDNS genes belong to a large multigene family, of which five genomic clones were studied, including three pseudogenes and one gene that may represent another subfamily of CDNS. CDNS expression was shown to be induced in cotton infected with either the bacterial blight or verticillium wilt pathogens. Constructs for the constitutive or seed-specific antisense suppression of cdn1-C4 were introduced into cotton by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Gossypol levels were not reduced in the seeds of transformants with either construct, nor was the induction of CDNS expression affected in stems of the constitutive antisense plants infected with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. However, the induction of CDNS mRNA and protein in response to bacterial blight infection of cotyledons was completely blocked in the constitutive antisense plants. These results suggest that cdn1-C4 may be involved specifically in the bacterial blight response and that the CDNS multigene family comprises a complex set of genes differing in their temporal and spatial regulation and responsible for different branches of the cotton sesquiterpene pathway.

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“…Levels of gossypol and related terpenoids in cottonseed and other tissues were determined by using HPLC-based methods, as described (28,29). The kernel from individual mature cottonseed (dry weight ranged from 70 to 95 mg) was ground to a fine powder by using agate mortar and pestle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The leaves from transgenic and control plants were examined for the levels of these protective compounds. A different batch of 10 seeds from each of the transgenic lines and 10 wild-type control seeds was germinated and grown in soil in a greenhouse, and leaf tissue from each was analyzed for terpenoids (29). The levels of gossypol, hemigossypolone, and heliocides in the foliage of control and T 1 transgenic plants are presented in Fig.…”

Section: The Levels Of Gossypol and Other Protective Terpenoids Are Notmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol

Sunilkumar

Campbell

Puckhaber

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

399

264

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Global cottonseed production can potentially provide the protein requirements for half a billion people per year; however, it is woefully underutilized because of the presence of toxic gossypol within seed glands. Therefore, elimination of gossypol from cottonseed has been a long-standing goal of geneticists. Attempts were made to meet this objective by developing so-called ''glandless cotton'' in the 1950s by conventional breeding techniques; however, the glandless varieties were commercially unviable because of the increased susceptibility of the plant to insect pests due to the systemic absence of glands that contain gossypol and other protective terpenoids. Thus, the promise of cottonseed in contributing to the food requirements of the burgeoning world population remained unfulfilled. We have successfully used RNAi to disrupt gossypol biosynthesis in cottonseed tissue by interfering with the expression of the ␦-cadinene synthase gene during seed development. We demonstrate that it is possible to significantly reduce cottonseed-gossypol levels in a stable and heritable manner. Results from enzyme activity and molecular analyses on developing transgenic embryos were consistent with the observed phenotype in the mature seeds. Most relevant, the levels of gossypol and related terpenoids in the foliage and floral parts were not diminished, and thus their potential function in plant defense against insects and diseases remained untouched. These results illustrate that a targeted genetic modification, applied to an underutilized agricultural byproduct, provides a mechanism to open up a new source of nutrition for hundreds of millions of people.food safety ͉ gene silencing ͉ RNAi ͉ seed-specific promoter ͉ terpenoids

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Improved Method for the Rapid Determination of Terpenoid Aldehydes in Cotton

Cited by 31 publications

References 17 publications

Pest trade-offs in technology: reduced damage by caterpillars in Bt cotton benefits aphids

Pest trade-offs in technology: reduced damage by caterpillars in Bt cotton benefits aphids

Antisense Suppression of a (+)-δ-Cadinene Synthase Gene in Cotton Prevents the Induction of This Defense Response Gene during Bacterial Blight Infection But Not Its Constitutive Expression

Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol

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