Improved method for routine determination of nicotine and its main metabolites in biological fluids

Stehlik, G.; Kainzbauer, J; Tausch, H.; Richter, Otto

doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84169-9

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Aromatic ethers such as anisóle, veratrole, and diphenyl ether gave the best results. With anisóle as the solvent, the conversion to oxazine was 90% complete in less than 15 min at 160 °C with negligible reduction and was successful for quantities as little as 20 ng. The identity of the rearrangement product was confirmed by comparison of its retention time to that of material synthesized by the method of Rayburn et al (11) and by its mass spectrum (15).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of nicotine N-oxide by gas chromatography following thermal conversion to 2-methyl-6-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine

Jacob¹,

Benowitz²,

Yu³

et al. 1986

Anal. Chem.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previously reported gas chromatographic methods (2,20) for determining nicotine N-oxide in smoker's urine require reduction of the N-oxide to nicotine. In these procedures nicotine, present in much higher concentrations than the…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of nicotine N-oxide by gas chromatography following thermal conversion to 2-methyl-6-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine

Jacob¹,

Benowitz²,

Yu³

et al. 1986

Anal. Chem.

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“…Gas chromatography (GC) methods are well established for the quantitation of nicotine, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in biological media (11). Initially either flame ionization detectors (FID) or more selective nitrogen-phosphorus detectors (NPD) were the detectors of choice (124,125,127,(178)(179)(180)(181)(182)(183)(184)(185)(186). Most laboratories now use GC interfaced to a mass spectrometer (MS) which provides a more sensitive and specific method for the measurement of nicotine and multiple nicotine-derived metabolites (121).…”

Section: Gas Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cotinine concentrations in blood have been determined by RIA (17,140,145,154,164,165), GC-NPD (4), GC-MS (189,191,192,258), HPLC-UV (200,164), and LC-API-MS-MS (14,(213)(214)(215). A number of methods have been established for the simultaneous determination of both nicotine and cotinine concentrations in blood by GC-FID (124,125,127,179,181,(183)(184)(185), GC-MS (50,128,186,(193)(194)(195), HPLC-UV (164,204), and LC-API-MS-MS (217,219). trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine has been determined by GC-MS (186), and simultaneous analysis of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anabasine and nornicotine concentrations in blood by LC-MS-MS (219).…”

Section: Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers Derived from Nicotine and its Metabolites: A Review

Tricker

2006

Contributions to Tobacco &Amp; Nicotine Research

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Nicotine is the major alkaloid present in tobacco and the most frequently determined compound as a biomarker of tobacco exposure in both smokers and non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Current knowledge on the human metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine is reviewed, together with methods for the determination of nicotine and various metabolites in different human biological fluids and matrices. Only short-term biomarkers of nicotine exposure exist and long-term biomarkers of exposure such as the incorporation of nicotine and cotinine into human hair, toenails and deciduous teeth require further investigation. Determination of ‘nicotine boost’, the difference in blood nicotine concentrations that occur after smoking a single cigarette, provides an experimental indication of individual smoking behaviour, but is unsuitable for population studies. The determination of nicotine plus multiple phase I and phase II metabolites in 24-hour urine, often expressed as ‘nicotine equivalents’, provides the most accurate way to determine exposure to nicotine in smokers; however, few laboratories are equipped to perform the complex analysis required for this purpose. Nicotine equivalents can be used to estimate the uptake of nicotine from a cigarette in both individuals and in population studies. Despite recent advancements in analytical methodology and the possibility of determining multiple nicotine metabolites in various biological fluids, determination of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, is likely to remain the most commonly used approach to assess exposure to tobacco smoke in both smokers and non-smokers. Representative data for cotinine in blood, saliva and urine of smokers and non-smokers are presented.

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“…However, they are less potent than nicotine. 6 Many reports have focused on the analysis of nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, in various matrixes, including biological fluids and tissue samples, by employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 7,8 gas chromatography (GC), 9,10 or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). [11][12][13] However, only a limited number of methods for measuring alkaloid levels in tobacco have been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Nicotine and Other Minor Alkaloids in International Cigarettes by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Ashley

Watson

2002

Anal. Chem.

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Nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine are the most abundant alkaloids in tobacco. Along with the addictiveness of nicotine, other properties, including their occurrence in tobacco at relatively high concentrations, and as the primary precursors for the highly carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosoamines, make these chemicals important from a public health standpoint Therefore, developing a fast and accurate quantitative method to screen large numbers of cigarette samples for these alkaloids was important. This report describes the first use of headspace analysis using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the unambiguous detection of tobacco alkaloids. Detection and confirmation of each analyte isestablished by both chromatographic retention times and the ratio of reconstructed ion chromatogram peak areas from characteristic quantitation ion and confirmation ion. Twenty-eight cigarette brands from 14 countries were analyzed. Surprisingly, the minor alkaloids' response factors varied considerably among different styles of cigarettes. Accurate quantification was achieved using a three-point standard addition protocol. The standard addition approach was essential to obtain accurate measurements by minimizing matrix effects that would otherwise have contributed to quantitation bias. Significant differences in the alkaloid profiles were measured in the different cigarette brands. These results strongly suggest that such differences reflect variations associated with blend compositions, tobacco quality, and manufacturing practices.

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Improved method for routine determination of nicotine and its main metabolites in biological fluids

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

Determination of nicotine N-oxide by gas chromatography following thermal conversion to 2-methyl-6-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine

Determination of nicotine N-oxide by gas chromatography following thermal conversion to 2-methyl-6-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine

Biomarkers Derived from Nicotine and its Metabolites: A Review

Determination of Nicotine and Other Minor Alkaloids in International Cigarettes by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

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